Generation of voltages

The principle of a gas igniter is illustrated in Fig. 6.21(a). It is usual to use two poled cylinders back to back, rather than one, so as to have twice the charge available for the spark. It is necessary to apply the force F quickly otherwise the voltage generated disappears as charge leaks away through the piezoceramic, across its surfaces and via the apparatus. 

At this stage the cylinder has an electric potential difference U between its ends and is in a clamped state so that the electric potential energy is (C is the capacitance) 

For a spark to occur U must exceed the breakdown voltage of the gap. It is assumed that the voltage given by Eq. (6.74) is established when breakdown occurs. At this stage the field in the ceramic is in the same direction as the poling field and assists in maintaining the domain orientations in the poled sense. 

The additional strain will result in an increase vvex in the electrical energy available  

Therefore the total energy that can be dissipated in the spark is 

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The generation of voltage surges is almost the same as discussed when the circuit was being closed (Section 17.7.2(ii)). The sequence of generation of the voltage surges can be analysed for more clarity as follows. 

Welding at High Frequency Dielectric heating is accomplished with electrodes that are connected to a generator of voltage at high frequency. This method is very efficient but is restricted to polymers that exhibit a high electrical loss factor like PVC and other polar polymers. 

Photovoltaic Of or related to the generation of voltage from the absorption of light. 

A related effect is pyroelectricity, which is the generation of voltage by the heating or cooling of a crystal. Because substances tend to expand when heated and contract when cooled, changes in temperature of polar crystals tend to change the overall dipole moment and voltage of the crystal. 

Thermocouple Temperature changes direcdy cause generation of voltage at a junction of two different materials... 

Block 4 a high-voltage generator of the probe pulse, the output value of the amplitude is from 100 to 400V, the duration of the pulse is from 15 to 300 ns. 

Optimization lefeis to the step in the analytical process (Fig. 2) where some sort of treatment is performed on samples to generate taw data which can be in the form of voltages, currents, or other analytical signals. These data have yet to be caUbrated in terms of chemical concentrations. 

The centrifugal pump directly driven by a variable-speed electric motor is the most commonly used hardware comoination for adjustable speed pumping. The motor is operated by an electronic-motor speed controller whose function is to generate the voltage or current waveform required by the motor to make the speed of the motor track the input command input signal from the process controller. 

Electrical power supply units vary considerably among manufacturers. Power consumption and ozone-generation capacity are proportional to both voltage and frequency. There are two methods to control the output of an ozone generator vary voltage or vary frequency. Three common electrical power supply configurations are used in commercial equipment ... 

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