Other Rechargeable Batteries

The ubiquity of power electronic products such as laptops, cell phones, and digital cameras, as well as the growth in popularity of hybrid electric vehicles, drive the need for efficient, long-lasting, rechargeable batteries. The most common types include the nickel-cadmium (NiCad) battery, the nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) battery, and the lithium ion battery. 

Ihe Nictel-Cadmium (NiCad) Battery Nickel-cadmium batteries consist of an anode composed of soUd cadmium and a cathode composed of NiO(OH)(s). The electrolyte is usually KOH(a ). During operation, the cadmium is oxidized and the NiO(OH) is reduced according to the equations  

The Nickel-Metal Hydride (NIMH) Battery Although NiCad batteries were the staudard 

In addition to being more environmentally friendly than NiCad batteries, NiMH batteries also have a greater energy density (energy content per unit battery mass), as we can see in Table 18.2. In some cases, a NiMH battery can carry twice the energy of a NiCad battery of the same mass, making NiMH batteries the most common choice for hybrid electric vehicles. 

The Lithium Ion Battery The newest and most expensive common type of rechargeable battery is the lithium ion battery. Since lithium is the least dense metal (0.53 g/cm ), lithium batteries have high energy densities (see Table 18.2). The lithium battery works differently than the other batteries we have examined so far, and the details of its operahon are beyond the scope 

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Consumer use of rechargeable batteries is growing. Nickel-cadmium batteries, a common type of rechargeable battery, are used in cellular phones, electric shavers, and portable video-game systems. Make a list of the items with which you come into contact that use nickel-cadmium batteries or other rechargeable batteries. Write a short essay about technology that was not and could not have been available before the development of the nickel-cadmium battery. 

Lead-acid batteries and other rechargeable batteries are sometimes called storage batteries. Precisely what is being stored in these batteries ... 

The self-discharge rate of a Li-ion battery is usually lower compared to those of other rechargeable batteries. The capacity loss during storage is largely dependent on the storage temperature as well as the... 

The mass of lithium ion batteries allows the automotive chemist and design engineers to decrease the mass of the overall vehicle as well as increase the performance of the vehicle. They are much lighter than other rechargeable battery designs. Lithium ions are also a wise choice for automotive use because self-discharge is very low (5% per month vs. 30% for nickel-metal hydride [NiMH] batteries). 

Nickel- cadmium battery Cd(r) + 20H ( ) Cd(OH)2(r) + 2e NiO(OH)(r) + H20(/) + e Ni(OH)2(r) + OH (aq) Rechargeable lower price than other rechargeable batteries long life Relatively low energy density less efficient with repeated use... 

In July 1995, BAJ prepared a nationwide NiCd collection program and promoted the related activities to establish an effective collection system based on the cooperation of relevant industries and consumer groups. As for the other rechargeable batteries, it was... 

According to AMTA s executive director, the program also will be seeking to make the recycling service available to other rechargeable battery suppliers/manufacturers in hopes that they may join the program and offer their customers the same service. 

Li-ion cells are widely understood to have higher energy content than other rechargeable batteries, but this perception is generally focused only on their higher electrochemical energy density. While that perception is correct, the heat release associated with the exothermic reactions of all of a cell s contents must also be... 

Lithium-ion batteries have been commercially available for over 2 decades and currently represent state-of-the-art power source for all modem consumer electronic devices. Due to its advanced chemistry, Li-ion cells exhibit superior performance characteristics over most other rechargeable battery systems. The lithium-ion technology offers a high energy and power density, long life, and reliability that makes it attractive for electric drive vehicle (EDV), military, and aerospace fields, and large format Li-ion cells and battery packs are currently under development for such applications. 

Capacity ratings based on currents as multiples of the nominal capacity were initially used for nickel/cadmium batteries. But they soon became common practice also with lead-acid batteries and other rechargeable battery systems. In this case the discharge current is written... 

Two of the rechargeable batteries, namely the Pb-add and Ni-Cd, have impressively long histories. The Pb-acid batteries were first manufactured as early as 1860, whereas the Ni-Cd batteries were first manufactured around 1910. The other rechargeable batteries such as zinc-manganese dioxide (Zn-MnOj), Ni-MH, and Li are relatively young, but they are widely deployed in portable devices and sensors. The Li and Ni-MH batteries are best suited for portable electronic components, where rehability, longevity, and uninterrupted power sources are the principal requirements. Table 1.4 describes the performance capabihties and important characteristics of rechargeable batteries widely used to power portable electronic devices and sensors. 

TABLE 37.9 Comparative Data for Other Rechargeable Battery Technologies of Interest... 

From a comparison of the present commercially available rechargeable batteries, it is known that lithium-ion batteries are superior to other rechargeable batteries in terms of coulomb efficiency and energy density, and are one of the most promising power trains for EVs. However, in order to realize its true commercialization in EVs, some improvements are still needed ... 

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