Efficiency, SPE

Harris, P.C. and Penny, G.S. "Influence of Temperature and Shear History on Fracturing Fluid Efficiency," SPE paper 14258, 1985 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Las Vegas, September 22 25. 

Appropriate SPE sorbent selection is critical to obtaining efficient SPE recovery of semivolatile organics from liquids. Henry [58] notes that an SPE sorbent must be able to sorb rapidly and reproducibly, defined quantities of sample components of interest. Fritz [73] states that successful SPE has two major requirements (1) a high, reproducible percentage of the analytical solutes must be taken up by the solid extractant and (2) the solutes must then be easily and completely eluted from the solid particles. The sorption process must be reversible. In addition to reversible sorption, SPE sorbents should be porous with large surface areas, be free of leachable impurities, exhibit stability toward the sample matrix and the elution solvents, and have good surface contact with the sample solution [68,73],... 

Synthetic styrene divinylbenzene and other polymers, particularly the trade-marked XAD resins developed by Rohm Haas, were used for SPE in the late 1960s and early 1970s. However, the particle size of the XAD resins is too large for efficient SPE applications, and therefore the resins require additional grinding and sizing. Also, intensive purification procedures are needed for XAD resins [73,75],... 

Lacorte, S., Fraisse, Dl., and Barcel6, D., Efficient SPE procedures for trace enrichment of priority phenols from industrial effluents with high total organic carbon content, J. Chromatogr. A, 857, 97-106, 1999. 

Delshad, M., D. H. Kim, et al. (2008). Mechanistic Interpretation and Utilization of Viscoelastic Behavior of Polymer Solutions for Improved Polymer-Flood Efficiency. SPE/DOE Symposium on Improved Oil Recovery. Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA, Society of Petroleum Engineers. 

At best only one equilibrium stage achievable for each WFE or SPE unit separation efficiency decreases as pressure decreases. 

For the model of free point particles the Newtonian equations present by far the simplest and most efficient analytical fonnalism. In contrast, for chains of rigid bodies, there are several different, but equally applicable, analytical methods in mechanics, with their spe-... 

Carmine extracted from cochineal insects is one of the most used natural colorings for beverages and other foods. Some representative articles refer to isolation and spectrometric analysis or the use of HPLC or capillary electrophoresis (CE) to separate and characterize all cochineal pigments. Its active ingredient, carminic acid, was quantified by rapid HPLC-DAD or fluorescence spectrometry. Carminic acid, used as an additive in milk beverages, was separated within 9 min using a high-efficiency CE separation at pH 10.0 after a previous polyamide column solid phase extraction (SPE), ... 

H. D. Brannon and Joe. Pin. R. M. Tjon. Characterization of breaker efficiency based upon size distribution of polymeric fragments. In Proceedings Volume, pages 415-429. Annu SPE Tech Conf (Dallas, TX, 10/22-10/25), 1995. 

T. Zhu, A. Strycker, C. J. Raible, and K. Vineyard. Foams for mobility control and improved sweep efficiency in gas flooding. In Proceedings Volume, volume 2, pages 277-286.11th SPE/DOE Impr Oil Recovery Symp (Tulsa, OK, 4/19-4/22), 1998. 

A technique that attempts to combine the extraction and SPE into a single step is matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD). In this technique, a nonpolar (such as Cig) SPE sorbent is blended directly into tissue matrix, the mixture is packaged into an SPE cartridge, and the cartridge is eluted like a typical SPE cartridge. The advantage of MSPD is reduced sample size and increased efficiency due to a reduced number of steps. 

Specifically for triazines in water, multi-residue methods incorporating SPE and LC/MS/MS will soon be available that are capable of measuring numerous parent compounds and all their relevant degradates (including the hydroxytriazines) in one analysis. Continued increases in liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/API-MS/MS) sensitivity will lead to methods requiring no aqueous sample preparation at all, and portions of water samples will be injected directly into the LC column. The use of SPE and GC or LC coupled with MS and MS/MS systems will also be applied routinely to the analysis of more complex sample matrices such as soil and crop and animal tissues. However, the analyte(s) must first be removed from the sample matrix, and additional research is needed to develop more efficient extraction procedures. Increased selectivity during extraction also simplifies the sample purification requirements prior to injection. Certainly, miniaturization of all aspects of the analysis (sample extraction, purification, and instrumentation) will continue, and some of this may involve SEE, subcritical and microwave extraction, sonication, others or even combinations of these techniques for the initial isolation of the analyte(s) from the bulk of the sample matrix. 

The use of SPE disks represents a relatively new SPE approach for the rapid and efficient isolation of pesticides from aqueous samples. Empore extraction disks have approximately 10 times the cross-sectional area of conventional SPE cartridges with comparable solvent mass (500 mg). The dense packing and uniform particle... 

Recently, SPE was determined to be useful in a protein refolding process. Goto, Hatton, and coworkers demonstrated that SPE was the most efficient method for solubilizing denatured ribonuclease into AOT-based w/o-MEs [59]. The w/o-ME encapsulated... 

R.A., Jr. "High Efficiency Fracturing Fluids for High-Temperature, Low-Permeability Reservoirs", SPE/DOE paper 11615, 1983 SPE/DOE Symposium on Low Permeability, Denver, March 14-16. 

Elbel, J.L. "Designing Hydraulic Fractures for Efficient Reserve Recovery," SPE paper 15231, 1986 SPE Unconventional Gas Technology Symposium, Louisville, May 18-21. 

Zhang K., Doughty C., et al Efficient parallel simulation of C02 geologic sequestration in saline aquifers. In Proceeding of the 2007 SPE reservoir simulation synposium, Texas(106026). 2007 SPE. 

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