Efficiency relation between

The linear relation between the PSL signal and neutron fluence was established to exist over three decades up to 6. lO cm. The IP-ND can be used as fast and efficient neutron monitors at rather low neutron fluxes. However, for neutron dosimetry individual IP-ND must be calibrated individually since their sensitiviy can differ from one plate to another. In Gd/film based direct NR the film fog below the exposure dose of about 8.10 cm is the limiting factor. 

The increased use of composite materials in aireraft industry the last years has impliedagrowing need for efficient methods for nondestructive characterization of composite materials. One example is determination of porosity contents in composite specimens during manufacturing. Results have been reported [1], showing that the porosity contents can be estimated with good aceuracy by utilizing a linear relation between the frequeney dependenee of the attenuation, i.e., P = +1, where P is the porosity content, K and I are constants and where is the slope... 

Topics that acquire special importance on the industrial scale are the quality of mixing in tanks and the residence time distribution in vessels where plug flow may be the goal. The information about agitation in tanks described for gas/liquid and slurry reactions is largely apphcable here. The relation between heat transfer and agitation also is discussed elsewhere in this Handbook. Residence time distribution is covered at length under Reactor Efficiency. A special case is that of laminar and related flow distributions characteristic of non-Newtonian fluids, which often occiu s in polymerization reactors. 

The relation between the amount of catalyst and the efficiency of a new macroreticular sulfonated acrylonitrile... 

From the relation between the quenching efficiency and the charge separation efficiency Webber et al. [77] and Morishima et al. [76, 119, 120] have reached the same conclusion that efficient fluorescence quenching static in nature does not lead to efficient charge separation. This conclusion seems to apply generally to... 

Air at 290 K is compressed from 101.3 kN/m2 to 2065 kN/m2 in a two-stage compressor operating with a mechanical efficiency of 85 per cent. The relation between pressure and volume during the compression stroke and expansion of the clearance gas is PV1-25 = constant. The compression ratio in each of the two cylinders is the same, and the interstage cooler may be assumed 100 per cent efficient. If the clearances in the two cylinders are 4 per cent and 5 per cent respectively, calculate ... 

TFL is essentially a transition lubrication regime between EHL and boundary lubrication. A new postulation based on the ordered model and ensemble average (rather than bulk average) was put forward to describe viscosity in the nanoscale gap. In TFL, EHL theories cannot be applied because of the large discrepancies between theoretical outcomes and experimental data. The effective viscosity model can be applied efficiently to such a condition. In thin him lubrication, the relation between Him thickness and velocity or viscosity accords no longer with an exponential one. The studies presented in this chapter show that it is feasible to use a modi-Hed continuous scheme for describing lubrication characteristics in TFL. 

The relation between the plate efficiency and point efficiency with the Peclet number as a parameter is shown in Figure 11.16a and b. The application of the AIChE method is illustrated in Example 11.12. 

The relation between exergy, sustainability and environmental impact is illustrated in Figure 6. There, sustainability can be seen to increase and environmental impact to decrease as the exergy efficiency of a process increases. Two limiting efficiency cases, as shown in Figure 5, are of practical significance ... 

In fluorescence spectroscopy, the orientation distribution of the guest probe is not necessarily identical to the actual orientation of the polymer chains, even if it is added at very small concentrations (i.e., a probe with high fluorescence efficiency). As a matter of fact, it is generally assumed that long linear probes are parallel to the polymer main chain, but this is not necessarily the case. Nevertheless, if the relation between the distribution of the probe axes and those of the polymer axes is known, the ODF of the structural units can be calculated from that of the probe thanks to the Legendre s addition theorem. Finally, the added probe seems to be mainly located in the amorphous domains of the polymer [69] so that fluorescence spectroscopy provides information relative to the noncrystalline regions of the polymeric samples. 

Figure 4.8 shows the relation between current and H2 production densities obtained at 850°C of electrolysis temperature. The maximum H2 production density was 38 Ncm3/cm2h, which was higher than that of the electrolysis tube obtained at 950°C. The maximum H2 production rate was 2.4 Nt/h at the applied power of 10 W applied voltage and current were 2.68 and 3.72 A. Then the open-circuit voltage was 0.847 V. Hence, the Faraday efficiency and the energy efficiencies were 0.5 and around 0.73, respectively, which were almost the same values as those of the electrolysis tube obtained at 950°C. 

The weak chemiluminescence of Grignard compounds in air has been known since 1906. A radical chain mechanism similar to that of hydrocarbon autoxidation appears to provide the excitation energy of the emitting product. Until recently the relations between constitution and chemiluminescence in Grignard compounds were rather obscure j>-chloro-phenylmagnesium chloride was found to be the most efficient compound. 

Hydrazide chemiluminescence has been investigated very intensively during recent years (for reviews, see 1>, p. 63, 2>, 90>). Main topics in this field are synthesis of highly chemiluminescent cyclic diacyl hydrazides derived from aromatic hydrocarbons, relations between chemiluminescence quantum yield and fluorescence efficiency of the dicarboxylates produced in the reaction, studies concerning the mechanism of luminol type chemiluminescence, and energy-transfer problems. 

An inverse relation between the efficiency of decolorization and the dye concentration has frequently been observed. This fact can be ascribed to several factors, the main of which can be considered the toxicity of the dyes at higher concentrations [41, 45, 51-53]. With Reactive Red 3B-A, concentrations from 100 to 2,000 ppm were tested with C. bifermentans [5]. At concentrations less than 200 ppm, 90% decolorization within 12 h was observed, while at very high dye concentration (>1,000 ppm), the decolorization rate decreased. Khalid et al. [54] observed an inverse relationship between the velocity of the decolorization reaction and the dye concentrations between 100 and 500 mg L 1 azo dye (Reactive Black 5, Direct Red 81, Acid Red 88, and Disperse Orange 3) by Shewanella putrefaciens. A decrease in decolorization percentage at a Acid Black 210 initial concentration growing from 100 to 400 ppm was also observed with V. harveyi, but the decrease was low [44]. 

Table 14.9 summarizes respective formulae for kq of optimal inhibitors as functions of T, [InH]0,/, and k3. At V = const, the kq value of optimal inhibitor decreases with increasing temperature. But during autoxidation, kq and T change unidirectionally. Such an inconsistency is due to an inverse relation between the efficiency of inhibitor and the temperature dependence of zyo. The temperature-dependent rate constant k3 may also contribute to this inconsistency, with the contribution depending on the ratio k3/( 1 + /)[InH]0. 

A distillation column is fed with a mixture of benzene and toluene, in which the mole fraction of benzene is 0.35. The column is to yield a product in which the mole fraction of benzene is 0.95, when working with a reflux ratio of 3.2, and the waste from the column is not to exceed 0.05 mole fraction of benzene. If the plate efficiency is 60 per cent, estimate the number of plates required and the position of the feed point. The relation between the mole fraction of benzene in liquid and in vapour is given by ... 

A new class of effective Lagrangians have been constructed to show how the information about the center group symmetry is efficiently transferred to the actual physical states of the theory [12-15] and will be reviewed in detail elsewhere. Via these Lagrangians we were also able to have a deeper understanding of the relation between chiral restoration and deconfinement [15] for quarks in the fundamental and in the adjoint representation of the gauge group. 

In addition to the determination of distances at a supramolecular level, RET can be used to demonstrate the mutual approach of a donor and an acceptor at a supramolecular level as a result of aggregation, association, conformational changes, etc. The donor and acceptor molecules are generally covalently linked to molecular, macromolecular or supramolecular species that move toward each other or move away. From the variations in transfer efficiency, information on the spatial relation between donor and acceptors can thus be obtained. Because of its simplicity, the steady-state RET-based method has been used in many diverse situations as shown below5 . 

For a variable underflow the relation between y l and Si, must be determined experimentally as the two curves are no longer straight lines, although the procedure is similar once these have been drawn. Further, it is assumed that each thickener represents an ideal stage and that the ratio of solute to solvent is the same in the overflow and the underflow. If each stage is only 80 per cent efficient, for example, equation 10.30 is no longer applicable, but the same method can be used except that each of the vertical steps will extend only 80 per cent of the way to the curve of y l versus Sh. 

This analysis refers to a small area for vertical flow, and Emv is therefore the point or local Murphree efficiency. The relation between this point efficiency and the tray efficiency depends on the nature of the liquid mixing on the tray. If there is complete mixing of the liquid, x = xn for the liquid, and ye and y will also be constant over a horizontal plane. The tray efficiency EMv = Emv. With no mixing of the liquid, the liquid may be considered to be in plug flow. If ye = mx + b and Emv is taken as constant over tray, it may be shown" 91 that ... 

The efficiencies Emv and Emi may be related by using the relation between NOG and N0i given in equation 11.130 to give ... 

Whilst these expressions are difficult to use and involve some inconsistent assumptions about the liquid and vapour flow, they do bring out some useful features in relation to the tray efficiency. Thus NG varies linearly with hw, F, and Lp, although the important relation between NG and Emv is complex. The A.I.Ch.E. Manual(69) gives guideline figures. 

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