Mixing complete

If the third substance dissolves in both liquids (and the solubility in each of the liquids is of the same order), the mutual solubility of the liquids will be increased and an upper C.S.T. will be lowered, as is the case when succinic acid or sodium oleate is added to the phenol - water system. A 0 083 molar solution of sodium oleate lowers the C.S.T. by 56 -7° this large effect has been applied industrially in the preparation of the disinfectant sold under the name of Lysol. Mixtures of tar acids (phenol cresols) do not mix completely with water at the ordinary temperature, but the addition of a small amount of soap ( = sodium oleate) lowers the miscibility temperature so that Lysol exists as a clear liquid at the ordinary temperature. 

Smokeless Center Steam Cheapest steam-injection flare tip. Steam jet emerges at high velocity and penetrates to the exit plane of the flare without mixing completely with flare gas. Results are intense steam noise (much greater than with steam ring for the same steam rate) and higher steam consumption than the steam ring. 

Eor ionic liquids that do not mix completely with water (and which display sufficient hydrolysis stability), there is an easy test for acidic impurities. The ionic liquid is added to water and a pEf test of the aqueous phase is carried out. If the aqueous phase is acidic, the ionic liquid should be washed with water to the point where the washing water becomes neutral. Eor ionic liquids that mix completely with water we recommend a standardized, highly proton-sensitive test reaction to check for protic impurities. 

Since feed streams are not added after the start of a batch reaction one need only be concerned with proper initial addition and blending procedures. Streams flowing into a CSTR, however, are being introduced into a polymer latex. If added improperly, these streams can fail to be mixed completely and they can cause flocculation. Streams should be introduced where they are mixed rapidly and the ionic concentration should be as low as possible. Introduction of such streams as initiator solutions at high concentrations or in the wrong location can cause local flocculation and/or non-uniform reaction. 

CH3 CH2 CH2 OH, is not much different from ethanol, which mixes completely with water. In contrast, n-hexanol, CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 OH, is not much different from octane, which is insoluble in water. 

Dilute the extract with 1.5% acetic acid in water and mix completely. Suggested final dilution volumes are 2.5 mL for samples containing expected residues near the limit of quantitation (LOQ) level of lOngL The extracts are placed in vials for LC/MS/MS analysis. 

To test if dilution of the products of CNO burning may explain the difference in abundance pattern with evolved giants and a possible excess in 12 C visible in N-rich stars (see left panel of Fig. 4), we use simple models in the plane [C/N] vs [O/N] (right panel of Fig. 4). Starting from the approximate composition of N-poor stars, the trend for different fractions of gas processed in the complete CNO-cycle (solid line) reproduces fairly well the data, albeit it predict too low C abundances for N-rich dwarfs. Pollution from RGB stars with composition N-rich from very deep mixing (complete CNO and Na enrichment involved, dotted line) reproduces also rather well the data, apart for N-rich dwarfs. On the other hand, the N-poor case, typical of the chemical composition of field RGB stars, is a very poor match (dashed line). Moreover, in this case, the model would predict C-poor, Na-poor stars, whereas no one is observed among over 40 dwarfs/subgiants in the 3 clusters. 

Ideal flow models contain inherent assumptions about mixing behavior. In BMF, it is assumed that all fluid elements interact and mix completely at both the macroscopic and microscopic levels. In PF, microscopic interactions occur completely in any plane perpendicular to the direction of flow, but not at all in the axial direction. Fluid elements at different axial positions retain their identities as they progress through the vessel, such that a fluid element at one axial position never interacts with a fluid element at another position. 

Complete dispersion fluid elements interact and mix completely at the microscopic level. 

The maximum-mixedness model (MMM) for a reactor represents the micromixing condition of complete dispersion, where fluid elements mix completely at the molecular level. The model is represented as a PFR with fluid (feed) entering continuously incrementally along the length of the reactor, as illustrated in Figure 20.1 (after Zwieter-ing, 1959). The introduction of feed incrementally in a PFR implies complete mixing... 

Miscibility. Similar to solubility The ability of a liquid to mix completely with another. Bourbon is completely miscible with water. 

Cosolvents and salts mix completely with water to form homogeneous solutions, but with different effects. Cosolvents decrease the polarity of water and reduce the ability of an aqueous system to squeeze out nonpolar solutes, resulting in an increase in the solubility of nonelectrolytes. On the other hand, salts decrease the solubility on nonelectrolytes by increasing the polarity of water, thereby increasing the ability of the aqueous system to squeeze out the nonpolar solutes. 

Compounds can form mixtures. When compounds mix completely, right down to the level of individual molecules, we call the mixture a solution. Each type of compound in a solution is called a component The component present in the largest amount is usually called the solvent The other components are called solutes. Although most people think liquid when they think of solutions, a solution can be a solid, liquid, or gas. The only criterion is that the components are completely intermixed. We explain what you need to know about solutions in this chapter. 

Isophorone is a clear liquid with a peppermint-like odor. It evaporates faster than water but slower than charcoal starter or paint thinner, and it will not mix completely with water. Isophorone is a manmade chemical for use commercially, but it has been found to occur naturally in cranberries. It is used as a solvent in some printing inks, paints, lacquers, and adhesives. Isophorone does not remain in the air very long, but can remain in water for possibly more than 20 days. The length of time that isophorone will remain in soil is not known, but it probably is about the same as the length of time it remains in water. More information can be found in Chapters 3 and 4. 

Add ingredients sequentially and mix completely prior to each addition. The carwash will use the "hotwax" by diluting 1 10 with water and then injecting 6-6 oz. of the dilute product onto each car. The product will not separate or gel . 

Add additional 0.5 to 1.0 g alundum granules to cooled digestion flask. Add a sufficient volume of concentrated NaOH solution, slowly down the side of the flask. More than 45 ml of 45% NaOH is recommended to neutralize 20 ml of concentrated H2S04 standard, and to render the mixture strongly alkaline. Immediately connect digestion flask to the distillation apparatus, mix completely, and distill at a 7.5-min boil rate until >150 ml distillate is collected in titration beaker. 

Example 17 Approach to Equilibrium—Perfectly Mixed, Complete Exchange This would be approximated by a very long pipeline contactor where an acidic aqueous stream is injected to cool the gas and remove NH3. 

Advantage is taken of the above principle in the preparation of well known disinfectant lysol. Lysol is a system of cresols and water. These two components do not mix completely at ordinary temperatures, but the addition of soap to the given mixture-soap is soluble in both cresol and water-lowers the C.S.T. to such an extent that the two components readily mix with one another at ordinary temperature to form homogeneous solution. 

The cells are examined on the day of transfection to make sure that they are at the optimal cell density (60-80%). Add the TransIT -LTl reagent (2-8 pL per 1 (jig DNA) directly into 250 jjlL of serum-free medium contained in a sterile polystyrene tube. Mix completely by gentle pipetting. Incubate the reagent at RT for 10 min and add plasmid DNA (pCI-luc or pLIVE-lacZ) (1-3 pg per well) to the diluted TransIT -LTl reagent and mix by gentle pipetting, followed by incubation at RT for 15-30 min (see Note 3). 

To explore the quantitative effect of various diet factors on the absorption of zinc from foods and diets, we have generally used an extrinsic tag of a stable isotope of zinc ( Zn). It is assumed that this tag mixes completely with the food Zn prior to its absorption and, thus, its absorption reflects the availability of zinc in the total diet (11, 16). The validity of this assumption needs to be further explored (O. Furthermore, we have been concerned with the question of the dietary availability of zinc when plant foods, such as various soybean preparations, serve as the major or sole source of protein Intake. For example, the results summarized in Table VI indicate that the absorption of an... 

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