Reactor efficiency

Retrofitting features of the more efficient reactor types have been the principal thmst of older methanol plant modernization (17). Conversion of quench converters to radial flow improves mixing and distribution, while reducing pressure drop. Installing an additional converter on the synthesis loop purge or before the final stage of the synthesis gas compressor has been proposed as a debotdenecking measure. 

III. Efficient reactor design Since the main competitor of an electrochemically promoted chemical reactor is a chemical reactor itself (fixed bed,... 

A simple, but efficient reactor concept was developed based on the insertion of metallic wires that serve as a catalyst into a micro channel. The wire extends over the channel length and can thus be contacted electrically for heating purposes. It is sealed by graphite seals at both reactor ends. In this way, an easy, flexible and cheap concept for catalyst exchange and reactor assembly is provided. 

The development of high-efficiency reactors (e.g., continuous/flexible systems) for the hydrogenation process [117-122]. 

The reformer performance is shown in Table 2. The fuel for the original reactor was a 50 wt % mixture of methanol and water. For the higher-efficiency reactor and the system that included carbon monoxide cleanup, the fuel mixture was 60 wt % methanol in water. " The efficiency was calculated using the following equation ... 

Sometime in the early twentieth century it was found that if the steel tubes in the furnace had certain kinds of dirt in them, the cracking reactions were faster and they produced less methane and coke. These clays were acting as catalysts, and they were soon made synthetically by precipitating silica and alumina solutions into aluminosilicate cracking catalysts. The tube fumace also evolved into a more efficient reactor, which performs catalytic cracking (FCC), which is now the workhorse reactor in petroleum... 

In order to design an efficient reactor using a faUing film reactor, we would need to have many small tubes in parallel so that the interfacial area can be large. This is difficult to accomphsh with flow down tubes, but it is easy to accomplish with rising bubbles or faUing drops. The interfacial area is not now the area of the cyYilid T between gas... 

One of the major items contributing to the high processing cost is the cost of the catalyst consumed. This is particularly true for propylene alkylation, where the catalyst cost is about 2.5 to 3.0 cents per gallon of alkylate produced. Several courses that research might follow in order to reduce catalyst consumption would be the development of a more efficient reactor, a more efficient catalyst, or an additive which would retard catalyst degeneration. 

Progress in fission research, particularly in the development of higher efficiency reactors, in radioactive waste management, in transmutation studies and transuranic elements have contributed substantially to a renewed interest in the structure and properties of complex many-electron atoms and ions of arbitrary ionization. 

The Stratford Engineering Company furnished many alkylation reactors and were therefore interested in efficient mixing and heat transfer in this equipment. They subsequently developed a very efficient reactor, which makes part of the recycle by a flashing operation and is applicable to both hydrofluoric acid and sulfuric acid alkylation. This flashing differs from autorefrigeration in that the effluent stream is flashed after the reaction zone instead of in the reaction zone. 

Kolios, G., Frauhammer J., Eigenberger G., Efficient reactor concepts for coupling of endothermic and exothermic reactions, Chem. Eng. Sci. 2002, 57,1505-1510. 

Gupta R, Wallace HC. Sonochemical reactions at 640 kHz using an efficient reactor. Oxidation of potassium iodide. Ultrason Sonochem 1997 4 289-293. 

G. Eigenberger, Efficient reactor concepts for coupling of endothermic and exothermic reactions. Chem. 

Figure 7.17 depicts the increase of H202 concentration during discontinuous electrolysis of water containing sodium sulphate. The conclusion can be drawn that the reaction zone in the vicinity of BDD should be reduced as much as possible to transport radicals faster to the bulk, or that an efficient reactor should have high ratios of electrode area to electrolyte volume. In a chlorine-free solution, the DPD test difference TC-AC follows the peroxide concentration pathway because H202 reacts slowly with I-. 

In some cases continuous extraction of products allows extended operation and high volumetric efficiency. Reactors run in this mode are referred to as continuous-stirred batch reactors... 

The digestion and hydrolysis temperatures are controlled between 110 and 125°F. During hydrolysis, approximately 2 parts of water per 100 parts of reaction product are added to convert acid anhydrides to sulfonic acid. Both the oleum and S03 sulfonation processes are quite exothermic and almost instantaneous. In order to prevent decomposition and maintain optimum product color, an efficient reactor heat removal system is necessary. 

The above equation implies that for a given total reaction rate and a given total volume, entropy production is minimal when the driving force A GIT is equal in all n subsystems. According to the linear duality theory, the results of the optimization will be the same if we maximize the total reaction speed for a given entropy production. Therefore, a thermodynamically efficient reactor has a uniform A GIT in all parts of the reactor volume. This result is independent of the local variations in the reaction rate. 

Chapter 6 describes solar-powered photocatalytic reactors for the conversion of organic water pollutants. Nonconcentrating reactors are identified as some of the most energetically efficient units. It is reported that the absorption of radiation is a critical parameter in the efficiency reactor evaluation. The radiative transfer equation (RTE) solution under the simplified conditions given by the PI approximation is proposed for these assessments. 

Sulfonation of LAB. The sulfonation of alkylbenzenes leads to sulfonic acid tyre product, which is then neutralized with a base such as sodium hydroxide to produce sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate. The sulfonation reaction is highly exothermic and instantaneous. An efficient reactor heat removal system is used to prevent the decomposition of the resultant sulfonic acid. The sulfonation reaction takes place by using oleum (SO3H2SO4) or sulfur trioxide (SO3). Although, the oleum sulfonation requires relatively inexpensive equipment, the oleum process has major disadvantages compared to sulfur trioxide. The need for spent acid stream disposal and the potential corrosion owing to sulfuric acid generation increased the problems related to oleum process [1]. 

Trade-offs in performance advantages between the honeycomb multichannel supports and others that offer variable flow patterns are necessary for each application. More compact and efficient reactors will provide many novel opportunities not only to improve chemical processes in wide industrial practice, but to develop novel processes for more efficient operation in the near future. 

In this section we discuss various means of minimizing the undesired product, U, through the selection of reactor type and conditions. We also discuss the development of efficient reactor schemes. 

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