Shewanella putrefaciens

The nonstoichiometric production of trichloromethane from tetrachloromethane by Shewanella putrefaciens (Picardal et al. 1993). 

DiChristina TJ (1992) Effects of nitrate and nitrite on dissimilatory iron reduction by Shewanella putrefaciens 200. J Bacteriol 174 1891-1896. 

Myers CR, ID Myers (1997) Cloning and sequence of cymA, a gene encoding a tetraheme cytochrome c required for reduction of iron (III), fumarate, and nitrate by Shewanella putrefaciens MR-1. J Bacteriol 179 1143-1152. 

Myers CR, KH Nealson (1990) Respiration-linked proton translocation coupled to anaerobic reduction of manganese(IV) and iron (III) in Shewanella putrefaciens. J Bacteriol 172 6232-6238. 

Picardal FW, RG Arnold, H Couch, AM Little, ME Smith (1993) Involvement of cytochromes in the anaerobic biotransformation of tetrachloromethane by Shewanella putrefaciens 200. Appl Environ Microbiol 59 3763-3770. 

Saffarini DA, SL Blumerman, KJ Mansoorabadi (2002) Role of menaquinones in Fe(III) reduction by membrane fractions of Shewanella putrefaciens. J Bacteriol 184 846-848. 

Wildung RE, YA Gorby, KM Krupka, NJ Hess, SW LI, AE Plymale, JP McKinley, JK Fredrickson (2000) Effect of electron donor and solution chemistry on products of dissimilatory reduction of technetium by Shewanella putrefaciens. Appl Environ Microbiol 66 2451-2460. 

Reductase activity is located on the outer membranes of Shewanella putrefaciens and has a requirement for cytochrome c (Myers and Myers 1997) and menaquinones (Saffarini et al. 2002). 

Bacterial cell walls contain different types of negatively charged (proton-active) functional groups, such as carboxyl, hydroxyl and phosphoryl that can adsorb metal cations, and retain them by mineral nucleation. Reversed titration studies on live, inactive Shewanella putrefaciens indicate that the pH-buffering properties of these bacteria arise from the equilibrium ionization of three discrete populations of carboxyl (pKa = 5.16 0.04), phosphoryl (oKa = 7.22 0.15), and amine (/ Ka = 10.04 0.67) groups (Haas et al. 2001). These functional groups control the sorption and binding of toxic metals on bacterial cell surfaces. 

Acid Red 88, Direct Red 81, Reactive Black 5, Disperse Orange 3 Shewanella putrefaciens AS96 100 mg L 1 22.1-25.0 [41]... 

Fig. 3 Decolorization of Reactive Black-5 by activated sludge after augmentation with Shewanella putrefaciens AS96 Source [40,41]...

An inverse relation between the efficiency of decolorization and the dye concentration has frequently been observed. This fact can be ascribed to several factors, the main of which can be considered the toxicity of the dyes at higher concentrations [41, 45, 51-53]. With Reactive Red 3B-A, concentrations from 100 to 2,000 ppm were tested with C. bifermentans [5]. At concentrations less than 200 ppm, 90% decolorization within 12 h was observed, while at very high dye concentration (>1,000 ppm), the decolorization rate decreased. Khalid et al. [54] observed an inverse relationship between the velocity of the decolorization reaction and the dye concentrations between 100 and 500 mg L 1 azo dye (Reactive Black 5, Direct Red 81, Acid Red 88, and Disperse Orange 3) by Shewanella putrefaciens. A decrease in decolorization percentage at a Acid Black 210 initial concentration growing from 100 to 400 ppm was also observed with V. harveyi, but the decrease was low [44]. 

DiChristina TJ, Moore CM, Haller CA (2002) Dissimilatory Pe(III) and Mn(IV) reduction by Shewanella putrefaciens requires/erif, a homolog of the pulE (gspE) Type II protein secretion gene. J Bacteriol 185 142-151... 

Myers JM, Myers CR (2000) Role of the tetraheme cytochrome CymA in anaerobic electron transport in cells of Shewanella putrefaciens MR-1 with normal levels of menaquinone. Am Soc Microbio J Bact 183 67-75... 

Desulfovibrio vulgaris (Oxamicus) lOOL Desulfovibrio vulgaris (Hildenborough) — Desulfovibrio fructosovorans Shewanella putrefaciens... 

Beliaev AS, Saffarini DA. 1998. Shewanella putrefaciens mtrB encodes an outer membrane protein required for Fe(III) and Mn(IV) rednction. J Bacteriol 180 6292-7. 

A project at the University of Arizona (FEDRIP 1996) will study microbial dehalogenation of several compounds, including chloroform. A major part of the study will focus on the facultative anaerobic bacteria Shewanella putrefaciens sp., which is known to catalyze the transformation of carbon tetrachloride to chloroform and other as yet unidentified products. The organic substrates will also contain metals. It is hoped that the end-products from the biochemical treatment can be subjected to a photolytic finishing process that will completely mineralize any remaining halogenated compounds. 

In putrebactin from Shewanella putrefaciens (201) cadaverine is replaced by pufrescine (49, R = H). For the cyclic trimer, see proferrioxamine X2 in Table 6. The arctic S. gelidimarina living in a habitat with extremely low iron supply produces a cell-associated hydroxamic acid siderophore with the mass 977 Da for of unknown structure (274). 

Ledyard KM, Butler A (1997) Structure of Putrebactin, a New Dihydroxamate Siderophore Produced by Shewanella putrefaciens. J Biol Inorg Chem 2 93... 

Pakchung AAH, Soe CZ, Codd R (2008) Studies of Iron-uptake Mechanisms in Two Bacterial Species of the Shewanella Genus Adapted to Middle-range (Shewanella putrefaciens) or Antarctic Shewanella gelidimarina) Temperatures. Chem Biodivers 5 2113... 

Tab. 12.8 Per cent reduction of three Fe oxides by Shewanella putrefaciens in the absence (-) and presence (-h) of anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS) (Zachara et al. 1998).

Sorption of Fe(hydr)oxides to the surface of Shewanella putrefaciens cell-bound fine-grained minerals are not always formed de novo. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67 5544-5550... 

J.E. Brown, C.F. (2001) Microbial reduction ofFe(III) and sorption/precipitation ofFe(II) on Shewanella putrefaciens strain CN32. Environ. Sci. Techn. 35 1385-1393 Liu, F. He, J. Colombo, C. Violante, A. 

Myers, C. R. Myers, J. M. (1992). Localization of cytochromes in the outer membrane of anaerobically grown Shewanella putrefaciens MR-1. Journal of Bacteriology, 174, 3429-38. 

---