Effects in Animals and Humans

Evidence on the molecular mechanisms of nickel carcinogenesis has been summarized by Coogan et al. (1989), Costa (1996), Costa et al. (2001), Hartwig et al. (2002), Kasprzak (1992 2002), and Sunderman (1989), emphasizing the importance of cel- 

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Qi] reflects the data evaluator s certainty that the agent actually causes the specific critical effect in humans. The default value is 1, indicating that the agent causes similar toxic effects in animals and humans. 

Toxicity Toluene is known to cause mild irritation, headache, nausea, and CNS effects in animals and humans. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of toluene has caused disturbances in vision, dizziness, nausea, CNS depression, paresthesia, and sudden collapse. The acute oral LD50 in laboratory rats ranges from 636 to 7,300 mg/kg. Toluene has caused rapid and severe corneal damage and conjunctiva inflammation. The acute dermal LD50 in rabbits was found to be between 1,200 and 1,400 mg/kg.315... 

Toxicity Allylamine has caused adverse effects in animals and humans with irritation to eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Reports on cardiovascular toxicity due to allylamine exposure in species of animals is not confirmatory, 31,46 48... 

Toxicity Dinitrotoluene is known to cause a variety of adverse effects in animals and humans. Workers come in contact with dinitrotoluene through all three major routes (oral, dermal, inhalation). The acute oral LD50 in rats ranges from 568 to 650 mg/kg female rats are more resistant to the chemical. The acute inhalation LC50 (1 hour) in rats is less than 2 mg/L. Acute and repeated exposures to the compound are known to cause hypoxia, dyspnea, headache, dizziness, joint pain, optic neuritis, cyanosis, jaundice, and anemia among workers.78 83... 

Immunotoxicity. The information located regarding immunological effects in animals and humans following exposure to tetryl is limited. Some workers exposed to tetryl developed... 

One of the earliest attempts(68,69) at developing a nondependence-inducing morphine derivative resulted in the preparation of heroin (3,6-diacetylmor-phine or diamorphine) by acetylation of morphine. Reports of its reduced respiratory depression and dependence liability were soon shown to be mis-Ibunded, but its superior analgesic effects in animals and humans (twice morphine) are demonstrable. Pharmacological examination(70) of acyl derivatives of morphine showed that heroin and its higher and lower acyl homologs... 

Toxicity and health effects Exposure to o-nitrotoluene causes adverse effects in animals and humans. Acute and chronic exposure causes headache, skin irritation, flushing of face, dizziness, dyspnea, hypoxia, cyanosis, nausea, vomiting, muscular weakness, increased pulse and respiratory rate, irritability, and convulsions. ... 

Together with y-oryzanol, tocotrienols are responsible for the cholesterol-lowering effect of rice bran oil (250). Tocotrienol concentrates have been shown to have a hypocholesterolemic effect in animals and humans (251-257) possibly because of inhibition of hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) (251, 258, 259). The presence of a-tocopherol at concentrations >20% in tocotrienol concentrates was, however, found to attenuate the inhibitory elfect of tocotrienols on HMG-COA reductase, thereby weakening their cholesterollowering activities (254). Tocotrienols were especially found to synergize the cholesterol-lowering effect of lovastatin (254). In addition, tocotrienols have been shown to influence certain hemostatic parameters and to reduce the occurrence of chemical-induced tumors in the rat (253). 

Similar plasma concentrations result in the same biological effect in animal and human. 

Researchers argue about the effects of prenatal exposure to PCBs on brain development and later childhood cognitive performance. Some studies find effects and some don t. Some studies do not involve direct measurements of PCBs in blood but rely on surrogate (proxy) measurements, such as consumption of fish from contaminated waters. It s also difficult to locate a population in which fetuses have been exposed to PCBs but not to other toxins. It may be that cognitive effects are limited to certain kinds of brain-work not revealed by current tests. We don t know yet. But given all the evidence that exists about serious effects in animals and human adults, and given the general axiom that the human fetus is about a hundred times more vulnerable than adults to toxins, it s reasonable to say that the question of the effects of prenatal exposure to PCBs is not yet resolved. 

They have also shown photosensitizing and photo-toxic effects in animals and humans and have been used in photochemotberapy for management of vitiligo, psoriasis, and mycosis fungoides, cf. T. F. Anderson, J. J. Voorhees, Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol 20, 235 (1980) A. Korn-bauser et al, Science 217, 733 (1982). Review of psoralen photochemistry B. J. Parsons, Photochem. Photobiol. 32,... 

Acute effects in animals and humans resulting from a cesium deficiency or related to high cesium intake have not been reported. A high intake of cesium is rapidly excreted via the kidneys (Yamagata etal., 1966), and consequently no reports have been made on any chronic effects due to stable cesium intake. Neither have any mutagenic, carcinogenic or teratogenic effects of stable cesium been either studied or described. 

Inorganic, as well as organic, bromides (methyl bromide) exert toxic effects in animals and humans, especially on the CNS, with a rather steep dose-response curve. 

Naphthylamine is a moderately toxic and cancer-causing substance. The toxic symptoms arising from oral intake or skin absorption of this compound include acute hemorrhagic cystitis, dyspnea, ataxia, dysuria, and hematuria. An intraperitoneal LD50 value in mice is 96 mg/kg. Inhalation of dusts or vapors is hazardous, showing similar symptoms. 1-Naphthylamine caused leukemia in rats. There is substantial evidence of its cancer-causing effects in animals and humans. 

Toxicology Bisphenol A can be released during thermal decomposition of epoxides above 250 °C, which can cause photosensitisation of the skin. Bisphenol A is not genotoxic in vivo, however, weak oestrogenic effects are observed in vitro. Some endocrine disruptor effects in animals and human cancer cells can occur at low levels (2-5 ppb). It has been claimed that these effects lead to health problems, mainly in men, of a lowered sperm count and infertile sperm. 

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