Effective Subject

Subjective evaluation of recommendation effectiveness Subjective evaluation of recommendation effectiveness Cost/benefit analysis of recommendations... 

The approach taken above estimates the effect of the metal by simply considering its electrostatic effect (subjected, of course, to the correct steric constraint as dictated by the metal van der Waals parameters). To examine the validity of this approach for other systems let s consider the reaction of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, whose active site is shown in Fig. 8.6. The reaction of this enzyme involves the hydration of C02, which can be described as (Ref. 5)... 

Dosage/potency Route of administration Frequency of use Acute vs. chronic effects Subject population... 

Deprenyl. Deprenyl, a selective monoamine oxidase B inhibitor that enhances dopaminergic function, is used in the treatment of Parkinson s disease. An open-label study (Jankovic et al., 1994) suggested that deprenyl could be effective for the treatment of ADHD in children with TS. A placebo-controlled crossover study (Feigin et al., 1996) of 24 subjects with ADHD and a tic disorder found that deprenyl was safe and effective at doses ranging from 5 to 10 mg/day. Only one subject showed an increase in tics. Interpretation of these results, however, is hampered by the clear evidence of an order effect. Subjects who received active drug first showed a 37% improvement in ADHD... 

Paroxetine. Paroxetine, also a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, has been the subject of a case report in two subjects. Ringold [1994] reported the effective treatment of two individuals who had not responded to prior therapy with fluoxetine and sertraline. Both individuals had comorbid psychiatric problems. Subject A demonstrated both social phobia and dysthymia. Although her symptoms of dysthymia were clinically responsive to fluoxetine therapy, her social phobia symptoms were resistant. Subject B had body dysmorphic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and social phobia. His obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms benefited from fluoxetine therapy, but his social anxiety was resistant. Sertraline therapy was attempted in both subjects. Subject A required discontinuation because of adverse effects. Subject B experienced a worsening of both obsessive-compulsive disorder and social phobia symptoms. Both subjects demonstrated a positive response in their symptoms when switched to paroxetine [20 mg/day]. 

The cardiovascular effects, subjective effects, and abuse potential of single intranasal doses of ephedrine 5 and 10 mg have been compared with oral doses of (—)ephe-drine 50 mg in 16 healthy Caucasian men with no drug/ alcohol/nicotine abuse or dependence (5). Intranasal ephedrine caused an increase in blood pressure but associated orthostatic hypotension. 

Troisi, J. R., II, Critchfield, T. S., Griffiths, R. R. (1993). Buspirone and lorazapam abuse liabilit in humans Behavioral effects, subjective effects, and choice. Behavioural Pharmacology, 4, 217-230. 

Function and effect Subjects age and sex (n) GLA (g/day) Duration (wk) Reference and study type... 

AUC(0—oo) and Cmax are presented in Table 6.5. Two subjects did not return to the clinic and did not complete the study. Hence, these subjects had only data from Period 1. Natural-log transformed AUC(0—oo) and Cmax were used as the dependent variables. The analysis of variance consisted of sequence, treatment, and period as fixed effects. Subjects nested within sequence were treated as a random effect using a random intercept model. The model was fit using REML. Table 6.6 presents the results. The 90% Cl for the ratio of treatment means for both AUC(0—oo) and Cmax were entirely contained within the interval 80-125%. Hence, it was concluded that food had no effect on the pharmacokinetics of the drug. 

The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a single 15-mg oral dose of midazolam was studied in 6 epileptic patients taking either car-bamazepine, phenytoin or both drugs together, and in 7 control subjects not taking either of these antiepileptics. The AUC of midazolam in the epileptic patients was reduced to 5.7%, and the peak serum levels to 7.4% of their value in the control subjects. The pharmacodynamic effects (subjective drowsiness, body sway with eyes closed and open, as well as more formal tests) were also reduced. Most of the epileptic patients did not notice any effects of the midazolam, while the control subjects were clearly sedated for 2 to 4 hours after taking the midazolam, and also experienced... 

When the evaluation protocol is not standardized, the duration of an evaluation can vary from one product to another (and/or from one subject to another). In this case, it is useful to compare the evaluation durations between products to know whether some products generally need a longer duration to be evaluated than others. To do so, the 2-way ANOVA model usually used for Descriptive Analysis data (product as fixed effect, subject as random effect, with interaction in case there is replicates) can be simply applied to the evaluation duration variable. A multiple comparison test can also be conducted to identify which products have significantly different evaluation durations from which other products. 

To avoid bias, products are usually evaluated anonymously in most sensory studies. However, in the automotive industry, it may be difficult or even impossible to make products anonymous. In effect, subjects can easily recognize cars, even without brand identification. This is quite a problem, because subjects might not disregard the brand or anything else that could influence their evaluations. 

Recent studies of Moore and Dubach have shown that normal subjects absorb about 10 % of iron from foodstuffs. Ascorbic acid enhanced absorption, but administration of hydrochloric acid and antacids were without effect. Subjects with iron-deficiency anemia showed no increased efficiency of iron absorption from foods. This finding is in contrast to studies of absorption of inorganic iron salts, in which subjects with iron deficiency showed greater absorption than normal subjects. 

Sessions were not balanced the first session presented small datasets, while the second presented large datasets. Sessions were split into three blocks, one for each representation. The order of the representations was complete and counterbalanced across subjects. Each representation block was split into three blocks of three datasets (small for the first session, large for the second) counterbalanced across subjects using a Latin square. We alternated the order of representations to reduce memorization effects subjects remembering the answer from the previous representation and dataset. However, we kept the order of datasets constant for each session and counterbalanced across subjects. 

In both cases, it is extremely important that samples and standards have identical geometric shapes, so that they are effectively subjected to the same irradiation. The spatial distribution of the gamma beam behind the conversion target displays relatively stretched axial and radial gradients... 

There are no official specifications for obtaining a minimum level of engine cleanliness from a fuel. However, all additives in France are subject to approval by the Direction des Carburants (DHYCA), with the objective of having data that prove, first of all, the product to be harmless, and second, the product s effectiveness. Likewise, the automotive manufacturers, in establishing their specifications, set the minimum performance to be obtained by the fuel with regard to engine cleanliness. 

The main justification for diesel fuel desulfurization is related to particulate emissions which are subject to very strict rules. Part of the sulfur is transformed first into SO3, then into hydrated sulfuric acid on the filter designed to collect the particulates. Figure 5.21 gives an estimate of the variation of the particulate weights as a function of sulfur content of diesel fuel for heavy vehicles. The effect is greater when the test cycle contains more high temperature operating phases which favor the transformation of SO2 to SO3. This is particularly noticeable in the standard cycle used in Europe (ECE R49). 

Structure defects decrease conductivity of the studied material, and then the intensity of the induced magnetic field is small and the signal received by the probe Hp is big (Fig.2). Low conductivity of austenite is a defects of the structure in case of residual austenite in the martensite structure, which with regard to the magnesite structure is as 1 5. Eddy currents produced in the studied area are subject to excitation in effect of small conductivity of austenite grains in the structure of the studied material. 

The SPATE technique is based on measurement of the thermoelastic effect. Within the elastic range, a body subjected to tensile or compressive stresses experiences a reversible conversion between mechanical and thermal energy. Provided adiabatic conditions are maintained, the relationship between the reversible temperature change and the corresponding change in the sum of the principal stresses is linear and indipendent of the load frequency. 

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