Incident effects Subject

The current evidence suggests that there might be some beneficial effects on postmenopausal symptoms, but it is not possible to be more categorical at present given the conflicting observations in the limited number of studies undertaken and the possibility that placebo effect may explain the changes noted in the incidence of subjective symptoms. 

From the published clinical studies, it would appear that the partial agonists bretazenil and abercamil are less likely to cause physiological dependence, have lower reinforcing effects and a lower incidence of subjective effects associated with abuse liability than the conventional 1,4-benzodiazepine sedative-hypnotics. It is presently unclear whether the full agonists for the GABA-A receptor, zolpidem and zopiclone, offer a real advance in the treatment of insomnia although their adverse effect profiles and abuse liability may be lower than that of the conventional benzodiazepines. 

Ocular Effects. Effects on the eyes due to direct contact of the eyes with airborne mists, dusts, or aerosols or chromium compounds are described in Section 2.2.3.2. An extensive epidemiological survey was conducted of housewives who lived in an area of Tokyo, Japan, in which contamination from chromium slag at a construction site was discovered in 1973. The housewives included in the study were those who lived in the area from 1978 to 1988, and controls included housewives who lived in uncontaminated areas. Questionnaires, physical examinations, and clinical tests were conducted annually. Higher incidences of subjective complaints of eye irritation were reported by the exposed population than the control population in the early years of the survey, but in later years the difference between the two groups became progressively less (Greater Tokyo Bureau of Hygiene 1989). 

Ocular Effects. Ocular effects can occur as a result of direct contact of eyes with chromium compounds. These include corneal vesication in a man who got a drop or a crystal of potassium dichromate in his eye (Thomson 1903) and congestion of the conjunctiva, discharge, corneal scar, and burns in chromate production workers as a result of accidental splashes (PHS 1953). Higher incidences of subjective complaints of eye irritation were reported by housewives who lived near a chromium slag construction site than by controls (Greater Tokyo Bureau of Hygiene 1989). 

In a prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, concurrent oral administration of 500 mg glutamic acid tds with vincristine reduced the incidence of subjective and objective signs of vincristine neurotoxicity (54). There were no differences in constipation, weakness, or loss of knee reflexes. There were no severe gastrointestinal adverse effects. 

The results showed no clinical relevant effect of a heparin containing anticoagulation in terms of an increase in overall CD34+ cell collection during LVL, although this regimen had some benefits in the incidence and subjective tolerance towards AR. Based on the results, the decision between a citrate- and heparin-substituted anticoagulation for LVL should be driven by patient-related factors, and potential contraindications of both methods should be considered. 

Distances are recommended for zoning of electrical equipment, separation of storage from buildings etc. Distances are also proposed (on the basis of experience) to minimize the escalation or effects on site of fire, explosion, toxic relea.se or similar incident. Selected sources of information are summarized in Table 11.6. A typical example is given in Table 11.8 subject to the requirement of Table 11.7. 

Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) have been shown to improve vascular outcomes due to their cholesterol-lowering effects as well as multiple pleiotropic effects. In high-risk populations, statin therapy is known to reduce the risk of vascular events such as myocardial infarction and stroke. A meta-analysis of 10 trials involving 79,494 subjects showed that statin therapy reduced the incidence of stroke by 18%, major coronary events by 27%, and all-cause mortality by 15%. The SPARCL trial recently showed that high-dose HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors prevent recurrent stroke and transient ischemic attacks. ... 

In a summary of the human abuse literature on anorectic phenylethylamines, Griffiths et al. (1979) found there was a good correlation between the results of self-administration studies in animals and information about the subjective effects and abuse in man. Specifically, amphetamine, diethyl-propion, and phenmetrazine have been associated with numerous clinical case reports involving abuse, and these three compounds as well as benz-phetamine and /-ephedrine have shown similar subjective effects in drug abuser populations (Griffiths et al. 1979). In addition, fenfluramine was associated with low incidence of abuse in humans and did not maintain self-injection responding in animals. Chlorphentermine was similarly associated with low incidence of abuse in man, but did not maintain selfinjection uniformly in animals (Griffiths et al. 1979). 

Phytochemicals have been the subject of many studies evaluating their effects in relation to common chronic human illnesses such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases. These studies encounter difficulties in using this information to influence the dietary patterns of consumers because in the past they have used models or experiments with animals. However, in the last decade, researchers have moved away from animal studies in favour of human cell models or human intervention studies. Scientists still need to determine the likely incidence of illness from exposure to known amounts of a given natural compound in the diet and specifically in relation to the complex matrices of whole foods. Therefore, it is inevitable that some animal studies have to be continued for toxicological studies. 

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