Effect of camosol

Hopia, A.I., Huang, S.-W., Schwarz, K., German, J.B. and Frankel, E.N. 1996. Effect of different lipid systems on antioxidant activity of rosemary constituents camosol and camosic acid with and without alpha-xocopherol. J. Agric. Food Chem. 44 2030-2036. Houlihan, C.M., Ho, C.-T. and Chang, S.S. 1984 Elucidation of the chemical structure of a novel antioxidant, rosmaridiphenol, isolated from rosemary. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 61 1036-1039. 

Main components Up to 2.5% essential oil (app. 1% in fresh leaves), app. 3% rosemarinic acid, which apart from camosolic acid, a tricyclic diterpenephenol, the bitter constituent camosol (not genuine but autoxidation product of camosolic acid) [249], rosmanol and others [250] are responsible for its antioxidating effect. Triterpe-... 

When the rosemary extract was administered (i.g.) at lOOmg/kg/day for 5 consecutive days, the number and area of diethylnitrosamine-induced GST placental-form-positive (GST-P) hepatocellular foci were reduced in male F344 rats. A methanol extract of the leaves of rosemary was evaluated for its effects on tumor initiation and promotion in mouse skin carcinogenesis. Topical apphcation of the rosemary extract to mouse skin attenuated the covalent binding of BaP to epidermal DNA and inhibited tumor initiation by BaP and DMBA. Application of rosemary to mouse skin also inhibited TPA-induced ODC activity, inflammation, hyperplasia, and tumor promotion. Likewise, topical application of camosol or ursolic acid isolated from rosemary inhibited TPA-induced ear inflanunation, ODC activity, and tumor promotion. ... 

An extract of rosemary, when fed at concentrations of 0.3 and 0.6% for 4 weeks to female A/J mice, markedly enhanced GST and QR activities in the liver and stomach. However, diets supplemented with the rosemary extract failed to affect the activities of the same enzymes in the lung. In another study, the effects of dietary intake and intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of an extract of rosemary or its constituent camosol on the activities of hepatic phase II detoxification enzymes were evaluated in female rats. The rosemary extract at concentrations from 0.25 to 1.0% in the diet resulted in a 3.5- to... 

Mace and colleagues have examined the ability of camosol and camosic acid from rosemary as well as the synthetic dithiolethione, oltipraz, to block the formation of DNA adducts, and their effects on the expression of phase I and phase II enzymes. It was found that both rosemary extracts and oltipraz inhibited BaP- or aflatoxin Bi-induced DNA adduct formation by efficiently inhibiting CYP activities and inducing the expression of GST. Treatment of female CD-I mice with a 2% methanol extract of rosemary in AIN-76A diet for 3 weeks increased the liver microsomal 2-hydroxylation of estradiol and estrone by approximately 150%, increased their 6-hydroxylation by approximately 30%, and inhibited the 16a-hydroxylation of estradiol by approximately 50%. The same treatment of rosemary also stimulated the liver microsomal glucuronidation of estradiol and estrone by 54 to 67% and 37 to 56%, respectively. In additional studies, feeding 2% rosemary diet to ovariectomized CD-I mice for 3 weeks inhibited the uterotropic action of estradiol and estrone by 35 to 50% compared with animals fed a control diet. 

Camosol (Figure 4), a phenolic antioxidant extracted from the herb rosemary, exhibits anticancer activity in animal model for both breast and skin tumorigenesis (68,69). Camosol induced apoptosis accompanied by a dismption of the mitochondrial membrane potential (70). Further analysis revealed that camosol treatment down-regulated the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 in leukemia cell lines and this reduction of Bcl-2 may contribute to the apoptotic effects of cmiosol. Recently we demonstrated that camosol suppresses inducible nitric oxide synthase through down-regulating NFkB in mouse macrophages (77). 

We used nitrite production as indicator of NO released in LPS-activated macrophage to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of the four rosemary phytochemicals. The concentration-response relationships of nitrite formation (Figure 4) were determined 24 h after treatment of LPS (1 pg/mL) only or along with the tested compounds. Camosol inhibited nitrite production by > 50 % at 10 pM. Camosol was found to reduce NO generation in a concentration-dependent... 

The aim of this study is to elucidate whether camosic acid, camosol, rosmarinic acid and ursolic acid have any effects on apoptotic induction, since ursolic acid was previously reported to possess this effect previously (28). We used HL-60 cells to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved. We examined the effects of these rosemary phytochemicals on DNA fragmentation, activation of caspases, altering the mitochondrial function, ROS generation and releasing of cytochrome c from mitochondria. In the present study, we have demonstrated camosic acid, camosol, and ursolic acid induced apoptosis in HL-60 ceils and activated caspase-3 and caspase-9 via provoking the release of cytochrome c. 

Caspases are effecters in mediating various apoptotic stimuli. Caspases are activated in a sequential cascade of cleavages from their inactive forms. Once activated, caspases can cleave their substrates at specific sites. Here, we examined the effects of camosic acid, camosol and ursolic acid on various caspase activities in HL-60 cells to determine which caspases are involved in... 

The fatty/waxy products contained the lipophilic substances, including fatty oils, waxes, resins and colorants. Valuable pharmacological effects were proved for some minor constituents of these products (e.g. triterpenes, diterpenes, sterols and carotenoids). Thin layer chromatography and on-line UV-VIS spectroscopy were used for the quick identification and quantity determination of these compounds using authentic samples as standards. The SFE method proved favorable in terras of both extraction yield and speed of carotenoids. The CO2 extracts of the lavandin, clary sage and thyme have been enriched in triterpenic compounds (a-es P-amyrin, oleanic acid, ursolic acid, etc.) and phytosterols. Both free and esterified triterpenoids were present in the extracts of the different samples. Furthermore camosol and other diterpenes were detected in the SFE extract of Lamiaceae plants. The fatty acid composition was only slightly different for extracts obtained by SFE and conventional hexane extraction. 

Antioxidants, such as tea polyphenols, curcumin, and, camosol, may be expected to work by increasing intracellular GSH or total 011018, scavenging free radicals, or iron chelations. Many of the compounds classified as antioxidants that have been shown to inhibit NFkB activation are phytopolyphenols that are good peroxidase inhibitors or substrates. Many are effective at concentration that may be too low to be compatible with a radical-scavenging role, and their effects might be better explained if they were acting on a more specific enzymatic process. 

Extracts of several spices, particularly of sage and rosemary, have the ability to prevent the autoxida-tion of unsaturated triacylglycerols. Among the most effective antioxidant constituents of both spices, the cyclic diterpene diphenols, camoso-lic acid (XXXIII in formula 22.9) and camosol (XXXIV) have been identified. 

In a human aortic endothelial cell system, camosic acid, camosol, and rosmarinic acid all inhibited LDL oxidation (Pearson et al, 1997). Their relative activities were camosol > camosic acid rosmarinic acid. The concentrations needed to achieve 50% inhibition of cell-mediated LDL oxidation were 0.33 pM, 0.74 pM, and 0.81 pM for camosol, rosmarinic acid, and carnosic acid, respectively. The most effective concentration for maximum inhibition of LDL oxidation was 2.5 pM for all compounds. 

Cuvelier et al. (1996) assessed the antioxidant activity of 24 pilot-plant and commercial rosemary extracts and identified 22 different compounds for investigation. These included diterpenes, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. There was no apparent correlation between antioxidant activity and extract composition but the most effective extracts contained camosol, rosmarinic acid, and camosic acid and, to a lesser extent, caffeic acid, rosmanol, rosmadial, cirsimaritin, and genkwanin. Camosol was a component of all 24 extracts while rosmarinic and camosic acids were found in 83% and 71% of the extracts, respectively (Cuvelier et al, 1996). Richheimer et al. (1996) also evaluated the antioxidant components in a variety of plant and commercial rosemary products. In the commercial products, camosol and camosic acid were the predominant forms with low levels of methyl camosate. No clear relationship between the type of commercial rosemary extract and antioxidant composition was established. These investigators found that 7-methoxy-rosmanol was present in the commercial extracts but not in extracts obtained... 

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