Camosol

In the year 1952, Chipault et al. mentioned that rosemary and sage have the best antioxidant activities, followed by oregano, thyme, clove, allspice and black pepper [28], By using the CO2 extraction the camosolic acid, the most effective substance in this respect, can be enriched to high concentrations. 

Rosemary is the raw material most used for the production of camosolic acid. Medium qualities contain about 1.6 - 1.8 wt.%, and high-quality rosemary contains more than 2 wt.% camosolic acid. 

The optimized extraction pressure required in order to get a desired yield in a feasible time is about 500 bar. At 750 bar, camosolic acid has a higher solubility, and the extraction efficiency of 90% can be reached in a shorter time, but other, undesired substances, are also in the extract. 

At an extraction pressure lower than 400 bar the extraction efficiency for camosolic acid is not sufficient. 

Camosol (abietane diterpene) Rosmarinus officinalis. Salvia officinalis (Lamiaceae) HIV-1 protease (> 30 pM) [54]... 

Natural antioxidants are present in many spices and herbs (Lacroix et al. 1997 Six 1994). Rosemary and sage are the most potent antioxidant spices (Schuler 1990). The active principles in rosemary are car-nosic acid and camosol (Figure 11-3). Anti-... 

The fatty/waxy products contained the lipophilic substances, including fatty oils, waxes, resins and colorants. Valuable pharmacological effects were proved for some minor constituents of these products (e.g. triterpenes, diterpenes, sterols and carotenoids). Thin layer chromatography and on-line UV-VIS spectroscopy were used for the quick identification and quantity determination of these compounds using authentic samples as standards. The SFE method proved favorable in terras of both extraction yield and speed of carotenoids. The CO2 extracts of the lavandin, clary sage and thyme have been enriched in triterpenic compounds (a-es P-amyrin, oleanic acid, ursolic acid, etc.) and phytosterols. Both free and esterified triterpenoids were present in the extracts of the different samples. Furthermore camosol and other diterpenes were detected in the SFE extract of Lamiaceae plants. The fatty acid composition was only slightly different for extracts obtained by SFE and conventional hexane extraction. 

Camosol (Fignre 6.4) is a natnrally-occurring phytopolyphenol found in rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis Labiatae). Camosol functions as antioxidant and anticarcinogen. In the recent stndies we have compared the antioxidant activity of camosol and... 

Antioxidants, such as tea polyphenols, curcumin, and, camosol, may be expected to work by increasing intracellular GSH or total 011018, scavenging free radicals, or iron chelations. Many of the compounds classified as antioxidants that have been shown to inhibit NFkB activation are phytopolyphenols that are good peroxidase inhibitors or substrates. Many are effective at concentration that may be too low to be compatible with a radical-scavenging role, and their effects might be better explained if they were acting on a more specific enzymatic process. 

Lo, A.H. et al., Camosol, an antioxidant in rosemary, snppressed inducible nitric oxide synhtase through down-regulating nuclear factor-KB in mouse macrophage, Carcinogenesis, 23 (6), 983, 2002. 

Schwarz et al. (1992), Cuvelier et al. (1994), and Richheimer et al. (1996) showed that carnosic acid degrades in solvents at ambient conditions, forming camosol, 7-epirosmanol, rosmanol and methyl carnosic acid. Bracco et al. (1981) and Aeschbach et al. (1994) have explored mechanical extraction using medium-chain triglycerides... 

Dapkevicius et al. (1998) compared yields and antioxidant activities of four different extracts from rosemary and sage leaves an acetone, a water extract (both from deodorized plant material), and an acetone and SFC C02 extract (both from nondeodorized plant material). The yields (g per kg dry matter) ranged from 50.2 for the SFC C02 to 90.8 for the water extract from deodorized plant material. High antioxidant activity was found for the SFC C02 and the acetone extracts, but low activity was determined for all water extracts. This emphasizes the importance of camosol and carnosic acid that are extracted from leaves with water-ethanol solvent... 

For camosol bacteriostatic and fungistatic effects were found (Shelef et al., 1984). The following MICs where found for camosol 1 10,000 (S. aureus) and 1 1000 (E. coli). 

Dimayuga et al. (1991) reported activity of camosol against B. subtilis and Candida albicans, and supported results on S. aureus and E. coli. The authors used 4 mg per disc. Significant activity was also found for camosic acid and its 12-O-methyl ester to inhibit S. aureus. The inhibitive action is due to the inhibition of the nucleic acid biosynthesis pathway, as camosic acid prevents the incorporation of thymidine and uridine into the DNA and RNA of S. aureus (Wagner, 1993). 

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