Education, trauma

In addition to age, other factors are associated with an inaeased risk of AD. In developed countries, AD appears to be more common in women. Lack of education is a risk factor for senile dementia in China and Europe (Zhang et al., 1990 Schmand et al., 1997). Head trauma is also a risk factor for both sporadic (Mortimer et al., 1991) and familial AD (Guo et al., 2(XX)). Silent myocardial infarcts and coronary stenosis triple the risk for AD (Aronson et al., 1990 Sparks et al., 1990), suggesting the importance of vascular risk factors. Other potential risk factors being studied include diabetes and hypertension (Ott et al., 1999 Peila et al., 2(X)2 Qiu et al., 2(X)5). As discussed below, a large number of genetic mutations are now associated with either early-onset AD or with increased risk of late-onset AD. 

Sporadic (50-70%) 70s-80s None identified Increased risk, Head trauma decreased risk. Education... 

A number of environmental factors have been associated with an increased risk of AD, including stroke, alcohol abuse, small head circumference, repeated or severe head trauma, Down syndrome, and lower levels of education. ° In particular, traumatic head injury in combination with the apo E4 genotype has been associated with an increased risk of AD. ... 

Psychotherapy can be used when a patient suffers from rmld symptoms, in patients who prefer not to use medications, or in conjunction with drugs in patients with severe symptoms to improve response." Patients who have experienced trauma should be educated that they can experience anxiety, depression, nightmares, and even flashbacks as a normal reaction to the event." Brief courses of CBT in close proximity to the traumatic event resulted in lower rates of PTSD... 

Treatment is now a very active area of clinical research, with positive treatment outcomes even among torture victims and prospects for improved intervention strategies. However, there is a need to research individual patients responses to current treatment methods to ensure that favorable outcomes are possible for everyone. Psychological treatment of trauma victims is always complicated by an ongoing need for medical treatment and physical rehabilitation, and in the case of terrorist attacks on civilians, it is further complicated by the fact that attacks frequently occur in everyday settings to which the victims are likely to return. A public approach to treatment should thus include education about the role of reminders and environmental changes that minimize unnecessary and avoidable secondary trauma. 

Identify resource material on chemical/biological agents, stress reduction after other traumas, and disaster response services, and enlist the help of mental health professional societies in developing a training program for mental health professionals. The key to success in this attempt will be offering continuing education credits and certification for mental health providers trained in chem/bio attack response. 

The peculiarities of the English system have allowed professional educators to operate for decades with enviable freedom and flair in the "secret garden of the curriculum." The garden gate is now being thrown open. It remains to be seen whether we have bred plants sturdy enough to stand the trauma of cold wind and transplantation. 

Steinhausen, S., O. Ommen, S. Thiim, E. Neugebauer, and H. Pfaff, "Physician empathy and subjective evaluation of medical treatment outcome in trauma surgery patients," Patient Education and Counseling, 95(1), pp. 53-60, April 2014. 

For 31 years, Dr. Charles D. Reese has been involved with occupational safety and health as an educator, manager, and consnltant. In his early career. Dr. Reese was an industrial hygienist at the National Mine Health and Safety Academy. He later became manager for the nation s occupational trauma research initiative at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health s Division of Safety Research. Dr. Reese has played an integral role in trying to ensure workplace safety and health. As the managing director for the Laborers Health and Safety Fund of North America, he was responsible for the welfare of the 650,000 members of the laborers union in the United States and Canada. 

An illustrative case study. Several years ago, I consulted with the managers and safety leaders of a large work group who were genuinely concerned about the work pace of titeir line employees. The probability of a cumulative trauma disorder, especially carpal tunnel syndrome, was certainly a direct function of the work pace (Silverstein et al., 1987). Their question was, "How can we reduce the work pace " They essentially wanted my advice on an education or incentive program that would decrease the work pace and lessen the occurrence of cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs). 

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