Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contamination

Van Veld, P.A., D.J. Westbrook, B.R. Woodin, R.C. Hale, C.L. Smith, R.J. Huggett, and JJ. Stegeman. 1990. Induced cytochrome P-450 in intestine and liver of spot (Leiostomus xanthurus) from a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminated environment. Aquat. Toxicol. 17 119-132. 

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons represent a class of compounds of great environmental concern due to their suspected mutagenic and carcinogenic properties [42-47]. Unease over the potential adverse health effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is evident in the recent inclusion of P6 polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the Environmental Protection Agency s priority contaminates list. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminates pose several potential health risks due to the persistence of these compounds in the environment [48,49], their tendency to strongly bind to soil surfaces [50-52], and their presence in a wide variety of common media (air, dust, soil and food) [53]. Possible risks are associated with skin contact, inhalation or ingestion of contaminated dust, soil, or air, and ingestion of contaminated food. 

LODOVICI M, DOLARA P, CASALINI C, CIAPELLANO S and TESTOLIN G Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contamination in the Italian diet , Food Additives and Contaminants 1995 12(5) 703-713. 

Olajire, A. A., R. Altenburger, E. Kuster, and W. Brack. 2005. Chemical and ecotoxicological assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon—contaminated sediments of the Niger Delta, Southern Nigeria. Sci. Total Environ. 340 123-136. 

Antizar-Ladislao, B., Lopez-Real, J., and Beck, A.J. 2005b. Laboratory studies of the remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminated soil by in-vessel composting. Waste Management, 25 281-89. 

Nicolas, J.M. (1999) Vitellogenesis in fish and the effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminants. Aquatic Toxicology, 45, 77-90. 

Mulvey, M., M.C. Newman, W.K. Vogelbein, M.A. Unger and D.R. Ownby. Genetic structure and mtDNA diversity of Fundulus heteroclitus populations from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated sites. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 22 671—677, 2003. 

Bogan, B.W., B. Schoenike, R.T. Lamer, and D. Cullen. 1996. Manganese peroxidase mRNA and enzyme activity levels during bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated soil with Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62 2381-2386. 

Rgure 3 Concentrations of PAHs in a sediment core from Kitimat Arm, Douglas Channel, British Columbia. O - total unsubstituted PAHs A - unsubstituted perylene - phenan-threne x -fluoranthrene <>-2-methylphenanthrene. (Adapted from Simpson CD, Harrington CF, Cullen WR, Bright DA, and Reimer KJ (1998) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in marine sediments near Kitimat, British Columbia. Environmental Science and Technology 32 3266-3272.)... 

Uthe JF, Musial CJ (1986) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination of American lobster, Homarus americanus, in the proximity of a coal-coking plant. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 37 730-738... 

Koyano, M. et al.. Effect of fish (mackerel pike) broiling on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination of suspended particulate matter in indoor air. Journal of Health Sciences, 47(5), 452, 2001. 

Li QZ, Zhang X, Yan CZ (2010) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination of recent sediments and marine organisms from Xiamen Bay, China. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 58 711-721... 

Olson, P., Castro, A., Joem, M., DuTeau, N., Pilon-Smits, E. Reardon, K., 2007. Comparison of plant families in a greenhouse phytoremediation study on an aged polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated soil. J Environ Qual, 36,1461-1469. Singh, 0. Jain, R., 2003. Phytoremediation of toxic aromatic pollutants from soil. Applied Microbiol Biotechnol, 63,128-135. 

A large number of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are known Many have been synthesized m the laboratory and several of the others are products of com bustion Benzo[a]pyrene for example is present m tobacco smoke contaminates food cooked on barbecue grills and collects m the soot of chimneys Benzo[a]pyrene is a carcinogen (a cancer causing substance) It is converted m the liver to an epoxy diol that can induce mutations leading to the uncontrolled growth of certain cells... 

The performance of microwave-assisted decomposition of most difficult samples of organic and inorganic natures in combination with the microwave-assisted solution preconcentration is illustrated by sample preparation of carbon-containing matrices followed by atomic spectroscopy determination of noble metals. Microwave-assisted extraction of most dangerous contaminants, in particular, pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, from soils have been developed and successfully used in combination with polarization fluoroimmunoassay (FPIA) and fluorescence detection. 

A number of airborne chemical contaminants are EDs, particularly products of combustion such as dioxins and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ... 

Lagadec AJM, DJ Miller, AV Lilke, SB Hawthorne (2000) Pilot-scale subcritical water remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon- and pesticide-contaminated soil. Environ Sci Technol 34 1542-1548. 

Aitken MD, WT Stringfellow, RD Nagel, C Kazuga, S-H Chen (1998) Characteristics of phenanthrene-degrading bacteria isolated from soils contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Can J Microbiol 44 143-152. 

Herbes SE, LR Schwall (1978) Microbial transformation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in pristine and petroleum-contaminated sediments. Appl Environ Microbiol 35 306-316. 

Coates JD, J Woodward, J Allen, P Philip, DR Lovley (1997) Anaerobic degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and alkanes in petroleum-contaminated marine harbor sediments. Appl Environ Microbiol 63 3589-3593. 

Andersson BE, T Henrysson (1996) Accumulation and degradation of dead-end metabolites during treratment of soil contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with five strains of white-rot fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 46 647-652. 

Potin O, C Rafin, E Veignie (2004) Bioremediation of an aged polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)-contaminated soil by filamentous fungi isolated from the soil. Int Biodet Biodeg 54 45-52. 

CRMs for Contaminants in Environmental Matrices For nearly two decades NIST has been involved in the development of SRMs for the determination of organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and chlorinated pesticides in natural environmental matrices such as fossil fuels (Hertz et al.1980 Kline et al. 1985), air and diesel particulate material (May and Wise 1984 Wise et al. 2000), coal tar (Wise et al. 1988a), sediment (Schantz et al. 1990, 1995a Wise et al. 1995), mussel tissue (Wise et al. 1991 Schantz et al. 1997a), fish oil, and whale blubber (Schantz et al. 1995b). Several papers have reviewed and summarized the development of these environmental matrix SRMs (Wise et al. 1988b Wise 1993 Wise and Schantz 1997 Wise et al. 2000). Seventeen natural matrix SRMs for the determination of organic contaminants are currently available from NIST with certified and reference concentrations primarily for PAHs, PCBs, chlorinated pesticides, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofiirans (PCDFs) see Table 3.11. 

Bioventing technology was developed by the U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory to treat soil contaminated by numerous industrial wastes, which is subjected to aerobic microbial degradation, especially to promote the degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.65 It uses a series of air injection probes, each of which is attached to a low-pressure air pump. The air pump operates at extremely low pressures to allow the inflow of oxygen without volatilization of contaminants. Additional additives such as ozone or nutrients may also be supplied to stimulate microbial growth.77... 

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