Economics transport distance

A landfill site should be on inexpensive ground, within economical transport distance from the main waste producers, have year-round access and be a suitable distance from neighbours. The area should be clear, level and well drained, with adequate capacity for the intended use. The surrounding soil should be of low permeability and the site should be isolated from the water table, either through distance and/or design characteristics. 

The principal options for hydrogen transport and distribution include pipelines, gaseous and liquid trailers. The choice for the most economic option depends on transport volumes and transport distances. For the transport of liquid hydrogen, additionally the costs of the liquefaction plant need to be taken into account. Another possibility could be to blend hydrogen with natural gas up to a certain extent and either separate the two at the delivery point, or use the mixture, e.g., in... 

Prior to the current analyses we had predicted that most of the remaining 38 prehistoric Delta Olivella beads would be made from shells procured in northern California. This was based purely on an economic model that minimizes transport distance. In other words, the closest source (by foot) of Olivella shell to Owens Valley is southern California, while the closest source of Olivella in the Delta region is the coast immediately north and south of San Francisco Bay. Moreover, saddle (F2/F3) and sequin (M1/M2) beads are found exclusively in central and northern California (12, 13), again implying a more northern source. On the other hand Hlb and G2 beads are found all over California. Results of the carbon and oxygen isotopic analyses are presented in Table II. 

So, it is not marginal to consider the possibility of developing small scale LNG facilities for may be worldwide application. Below the Concept Map in Figure 7 is presented where the positions of emerging new technologies are pointed out. Small scale LNG seems to be economically viable for the transportation distances about 500 km and supply volume below 2,5 MMscm/d 900 MMscm/y or 600 - 700 K ton/y. 

The 50-MW plant in Burlington, Vermont, was limited in capacity by the wood fuel available witbin the area circumscribed by a radius of 80 km (50 mi.) from the plant. This is considered by most energy specialists to be the maximum distance that wood fuel can be obtained and economically transported to the plant by truck or rail. For captive sources of biomass fuels, the capacity can be larger. One example is the 60-MW, wood waste-fueled power plant located in Williams Lake, British Columbia (Baker, 1995). This plant is located in the center of a major lumber industry region that has five large sawmills located within 5 km of each other. The mills produce more than 540,000 green tonnes of bark, sawdust, and other wood waste products per year. 

Distinguished from general transportation, which embraces the questions of rail, water and motor-truck transportation over long distances, material handling in the present chapter will be confined to the economic transportation of materials in and about the industrial plant or mine and over comparatively short distances—the conveying and elevating of material by the assistance of mechanical aids. 

Crude oil is used both directly as a fuel and as a feedstuff for the petrochemical factories to produce commercial fuels, synthetic rubbers, plastics, and additional chemicals. Oil refineries were originally placed near the oil fields partly because natural gas, which could not then be economically transported long distances, was available to fuel the highly energy-intensive refining process. But since 1950, crude oil has bwn transported by tankers and oleoducts to local refineries for strategic reasons. 

The economic haulage distances for lime products are considerably greater than those for limestone. Road haulage, is often economic up to 250 to 400 km. Where appropriate, the use of rail and water transport for large customers enables that range to be extended considerably. 

A basic problem existing for all biomass conversion schemes is a playoff between feedstock density and economy of scale. In general, feedstock availability within a reasonable transportation distance will dictate that a conversion facility be limited to no more than about 3000 tons/day of dry feedstock. It is not economically realistic to expect to move solid waste material more than about 100 miles. This will produce no more than 300,000 gals/day of hydrocarbon liquid fuel. For a plant of this size, the product line will have to be limited. While this certainly is appropriate in many cases, an... 

For example, miners might dig a drift mine to excavate coal from a hillside outcrop. As the drift mine follows the coal bed into the earth, the miners might dig angled passageways (a slope mine) from above down to the coal bed to shorten the transportation distance into the progressing mine. If the overburden becomes too deep above the progressing mine, the miners may dig more economical vertical passageways (a shaft mine) to provide transportation and ventilation. 

The building materials industry, including the cement industry, uses raw materials which, generally speaking, are extracted rather close to the surface of the ground. These materials are found in relatively limited quantities in particular localities and can be economically transported only over fairly short distances. The choice of location for the processing plant (cement works) is therefore directly bound up with the location of the quarrying area. 

To the tested distribution network was developed diagram of a cargo flow (Fig. 1), which shows the fixed connections between successive points of the network, which are called the linehaul connections, and the two-stage linehaul connections, i.e. cargo flow lines with a double transhipment. Number of linehaul connections is the result of the economic viability specified for each linehaul, which is determined on the basis of fulfillment of vehicles, the transport distance, numbers of operations on the cargo, destination, cargo volume sended by external customers and their location. 

Detailed calculations are required to define the most economical transport method. Depending on the pump capacity of the dredger and boosters, the pumping distance for rock and gravel can be up to 4 to 5 km and for fine sands and silt the distance can be up to 15 km and more. 

Catalyst particles are usually cylindrical in shape because it is convenient and economical to fonii tliem by extmsion—like spaghetti. Otlier shapes may be dictated by tlie need to minimize tlie resistance to transport of reactants and products in tlie pores tlius, tlie goal may be to have a high ratio of external (peripheral) surface area to particle volume and to minimize the average distance from tlie outside surface to tlie particle centre, witliout having particles tliat are so small tliat tlie pressure drop of reactants flowing tlirough tlie reactor will be excessive. 

The hinctional element of tmn.sfer and transport refer.s to the rnean.s, facihtie.s, and appiirtenance.s ii.sed to effect the tran.sfer of wa.ste.s from relatively. small collection vehicles to larger vehicles and to transport them over extended distances to either processing centers or disposal sites. Transfer and transport operations become a necessity when haul distances to available disposal sites or processing centers increase to a point at which direct hauling is no longer economically feasible. 

Buried steel pipelines for the transport of gases (at pressures >4 bars) and of crude oil, brine and chemical products must be cathodically protected against corrosion according to technical regulations [1-4], The cathodic protection process is also used to improve the operational safety and economics of gas distribution networks and in long-distance steel pipelines for water and heat distribution. Special measures are necessary in the region of insulated connections in pipelines that transport electrolytically conducting media. 

There were several studies of hydraulic transport in the 1950s, sparked off particularly by an interest in the economic possibilities of transportation of coal and other minerals over long distances. Newitt et al.p2) working with solids of a range of particle sizes (up to 5 fim) and densities (1180-4600 kg/m3) in a 25 mm diameter pipe, suggested separate correlations for flow with a bed deposit and tor conditions where the particles were predominantly in heterogeneous suspension. 

The crystallization of waxes at lower temperatures causes reduced liquidity of waxy crude oils, which considerably hampers the transportation of crude oils through long distance pipelines. Taking into consideration all of the economic aspects, additive treatment, which depresses the pour point and improves the... 

Belt conveyors are the most commonly used type of equipment for the continuous transport of solids. They can carry a wide range of materials economically over long and short distances both horizontally or at an appreciable angle, depending on the angle of repose of the solids. A belt conveyor consists of an endless belt of a flexible material, supported on rollers (idlers), and passing over larger rollers at each end, one of which is... 

Economical analysis has shown that a pipeline network infrastructure is the most cost-effective and energy-efficient method to transport hydrogen in large quantities from the point of production to the point of use over a long distance. A complete hydrogen pipeline infrastructure will include both transmission and distribution to minimize the overall hydrogen transport cost. 

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