Volume transport

Studies of the effect of permeant s size on the translational diffusion in membranes suggest that a free-volume model is appropriate for the description of diffusion processes in the bilayers [93]. The dynamic motion of the chains of the membrane lipids and proteins may result in the formation of transient pockets of free volume or cavities into which a permeant molecule can enter. Diffusion occurs when a permeant jumps from a donor to an acceptor cavity. Results from recent molecular dynamics simulations suggest that the free volume transport mechanism is more likely to be operative in the core of the bilayer [84]. In the more ordered region of the bilayer, a kink shift diffusion mechanism is more likely to occur [84,94]. Kinks may be pictured as dynamic structural defects representing small, mobile free volumes in the hydrocarbon phase of the membrane, i.e., conformational kink g tg ) isomers of the hydrocarbon chains resulting from thermal motion [52] (Fig. 8). Small molecules can enter the small free volumes of the kinks and migrate across the membrane together with the kinks. 

Pricing for treating mercnry-contaminated soils was estimated at 400 to 750/ton ( 440 to 830/metric ton). On-site treatment of mercnry is economical if soil volnmes exceed 3000 yd for lower soil volumes, transport of the soil to a fixed facility is recommended. The lETC fixed facility accepts bulk soil shipments and drummed wastes (D12766M). 

Although the flux equations for grain boundary and volume transport are of the same type, the creep kinetics are different because the boundary conditions of the transport differ for the two models (Fig. 14-3). Finally, we observe that creep in compound crystals requires the simultaneous motion of all components [R.L. Coble (1963)] so that the slow ones necessarily determine the creep rate. 

The transport of cryogens for more than a few hundred meters generally requires specially built transport systems for truck, railroad, or airline delivery. Volumes from 0.02 to more than 100 m3 have been transported successfully by these carriers. The use of large barges and ships built specifically for cryogen shipment has increased the volume transported manyfold. This has been particularly true for the worldwide transport of LNG. 

The estimates of the climatic mean annual parameters of the MRC in the sections normal to the northeastern coast of the Black Sea presented in [17] yielded a distance of its core from the shore about 40 km, a full width of the current (with respect to velocity values of 0.02 m s-1) of 75 km, a penetration depth of 275 m, a maximal geostrophic velocity of 0.31 ms-1, and a volume transport of 1.3 x 106 m3 s x. These estimates are of the same order of magnitude as shown in Fig. 4a within the velocity interval to 0.20 m s x. This allows us to suggest a certain geographical universality (self-similarity) of the MRC profile normal to the coast. 

Harvested sludge Flow (volume) Transport displacement... 

Volumic transport of Si atoms by diffusion, convection or force flow... 

Until well into the twentieth century, the majority of roads in the United States were little more than dirt tracks. The 260,000 miles of railroad in the year 1900 was more than double the 125,000 miles of road that had any type of improved surface (U.S. Department of Transportation, 1976). Only two percent of those were paved with asphalt or concrete—and the majority of these were in urban areas (American Association of State Highway Officials, 1953). In short, the only national transportation network capable of comparatively high speed and volume transportation services at the turn of the nineteenth to twentieth centuries was the railroads. The railroads were an important step forward in mobility however, the capability of the railroads to facilitate automobility was limited. 

The independent estimation of the surface and the volume transport characteristics enables a thorough picture of the contributing processes relevant for modelling the macroscopic transport. On this basis, organic single crystals al-... 

The energy, E(t) - Ex(t), could be obtained via volume transports, via entropy transports or via any extensive property transports or combination of extensive property transports. 

Quigley, R., M. Baum, K.M. Reddy, J.C. Griener, and J.R. Faick (2000). Elfects of 20-HETE and 19(S)-HETE on rabbit proximal straight tubule volume transport. Am. J. Physiol. Renal. Physiol. 278, F949-953. 

Significant differences in composition can be dissipated more quickly where the driving force for mixing is high, permeability between the areas is high, fluid volumes transported are low and water-rock interaction effects are negligible. 

In the modem era, this basic phenomenology of coupled water transport has been confirmed in a variety of tissues. For example, Diamond [2-4] studied the transport properties of the fish gallbladder. In his experiments the gallbladder was excised from the fish and suspended in a relatively large bath so that the composition of both luminal and (serosal) bath solutions could be controlled. Volume transport out of the lumen was manifest as weight loss of the gallbladder lifted out of the bath. Fig. 1 shows the results of a study of the effect of osmotic gradients on transepi-... 

Fig. 8. Volume transport against an adverse osmotic gradient as determined by a comprehensive epithelial simulation. The model includes as variables, the concentrations of Na, K, and Cl, as well as electrical potential intraepithelial concentration gradients are computed and the cell and channel arc represented as compliant structures. Transepithelial volume flow is plotted against mucosal osmolality (serosa fixed at 0.2 mosM) for five values of mucosal water permeability (spanning two orders of magnitude). As predicted by the-compartment model, the strength of transport (intercept with =0) is quite insensitive to mucosal water permeability. (From [15].)...

The backward and forward movements of Kuroshio waters (also named the Philippine Sea waters), which pass through the Luzon Strait at the intermediate layer, can be well confined by the 34.6%o isohaline. The maximum (minimum) intrusion of the salinity tongue arises in June (October). The warm, saltier Kuroshio water enters the SCS through the Luzon Strait from October to March, whose maximum (minimum) intrusion arises in February (September) with a volume transport of about 13.7 Sv (1.4 Sv), and the annual mean volume transport is about 6.5 Sv (Chu and Li, 2000). The saltiest North Pacific water (NPW) enters the SCS all the year round with a strong intrusion present in winter and summer, and a weak intrusion present... 

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