Economic Relevance

Much of the variation in Njs can be reduced by using Pjs, which is the power in the just-suspended state. This also gives a Better feel for the comparison of various impellers based on the energy requirement rather than speed, which has no economic relevance. 

Iron and Stainless Steel. The purpose of XPS investigations on typical corrosion systems like iron or stainless steel, is the determination of the composition of the passive surface layer, if possible, as a function of depth. As a consequence of the technical and economic relevance of corrosion reactions, XPS investigations on corrosion systems are numerous. With respect to the application of XPS, there is no difference between corrosion systems and any other electrochemical surface reaction like oxide formation on noble metals. Therefore, in this paragraph only a few recent typical results of such studies, using XPS, will be mentioned. For a detailed collection of XPS corrosion studies the reader is referred to references [43,104], A review of aqueous corrosion studies, using XPS, was given by McIntyre for the elements O, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Mo [105], The book edited by M. Froment [111] gives an impression of the research achieved on passivity of metals up to 1983. 

Metal contents, as well as the influence of the firing products (thermal behaviour) on the industrial re-use are worthy of further research, as these are environmentally and economically relevant issues. 

The transport sector is of high economic relevance for some world regions, for instance in Europe and the USA, where it contributed between 4% and 6.5% to employment, and between 6% and 10% to production in 2002. Roughly 40% of these figures are attributable to vehicle production. Therefore, the international competitiveness of the transport sector is also of high political relevance to some... 

The liquid phase adsorption processes for aromatics extraction are made economically relevant by the large world demand for aromatic petrochemicals. The global per annum production rates of the highest capacity aromatic petrochemicals derived from reformate or pygas for the recent past are shown in Table 7.1. 

If this succeeds, schistosomes may be close to becoming a model for parasitic trema-todes. This would allow researchers to further develop and optimize techniques for the genetic modification of other parasitic flat-worms of medical or economic relevance. The combination of modern molecular approaches such as genomics, proteomics and transgenics, with classical disciplines such as systematics,... 

As mentioned above, Foodomics tools also offer enormous potential to study the molecular basis of biological processes with agronomic interest and economic relevance, such as the interaction between crops and its pathogens, as well as physicochemical changes that take place during fruit ripening. 

Environmental risks caused by land use systems, the dependency on the peripheral system and economic relevance... 

Electrodialysis with bipolar membranes (EDBMs) [23] was applied recently to the production of mineral and organic acids [24-36], inhibition of enzymatic browning [37-39], and separation of protein [40-44]. These applications are based on water dissociation at the interface of a bipolar membrane (BPM) coupled with monopolar membrane action. A recent up-to-date overview gives the possibilities and the economic relevance of BPM technology [45]. 

Extraction and separation processes are basic industrial operations applied in many areas with considerable economic relevance. Supercritical fluids, especially carbon dioxide, are of increasing interest for new separation processes in the fields of foodstuffs, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. 

Nevertheless, irrespective of all technical achievements in the modern fishery, it is still directly or indirectly affected by and dependent on the occurrences of saltwater and oxygen-rich inflow in the Baltic Basin (cf. Chapter 9). These occurrences or nonoccurrences determine the distribution and recmitment of the fish stocks, and with some delay also the landings of the fishery, and are therefore of major economic relevance. 

Conditions used for carrying out reversible unfolding equilibrium studies are quite different from the conditions in which thermostability is biologically or economically relevant, such as in detergent solution in a washing machine, under fermentation conditions, in the intestinal tract or in the bloodstream. 

In spite of its very high economic relevance, the process to obtain these new high value-added polypropylenes is far away to be realized. Indeed, the chemical modification of the polypropylene by grafting of polar groups is not well understood because of the complex nature of the process from the point of view of the chemical engineering. It means one needs to take into consideration the reactor where the process takes place, as well as the nature of the macromolecules as reactants or coreactants. 

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