Technical achievements

The past two decades have seen remarkable advances in chiral chromatography, as only 20 years ago, the direct resolution of enantiomers by chromatography was still considered to be an impressive technical achievement. 

Now that we have dealt with most exist factors, lets see whether the process is profitable or not. A key factor in industry is profitability regardless of technical achievement Objective procedures to aid such assessment are based on the return on investment (ROI) as the criterion. 

The first Raman and infrared studies on orthorhombic sulfur date back to the 1930s. The older literature has been reviewed before [78, 92-94]. Only after the normal coordinate treatment of the Sg molecule by Scott et al. [78] was it possible to improve the earlier assignments, especially of the lattice vibrations and crystal components of the intramolecular vibrations. In addition, two technical achievements stimulated the efforts in vibrational spectroscopy since late 1960s the invention of the laser as an intense monochromatic light source for Raman spectroscopy and the development of Fourier transform interferometry in infrared spectroscopy. Both techniques allowed to record vibrational spectra of higher resolution and to detect bands of lower intensity. 

A major problem for the SPS is the current cost of space launches. Current rates on the Space Shuttle are 3,000 to 5,000 per pound ( 6,600/ kg and 11,000/kg). Launch costs of less than 400-500/kg are thought to be necessary for SPS. Economies of scale on expendable vehicles could provide some large reductions in launch costs. Thousands of rocket launches could reduce the costs by ten to twenty times based on experience with similar technical achievements. This places the costs into the range where this system could be conceivably attempted. Large reusable vehicles could... 

Chemical education was essentially in standby status once the U.S. entered World War II, in December 1941. Although the scientihc and technical achievements of the war left the U.S. with a strong sentiment in favor of expanded research and scientific education, it took several years and a boost from the space race to spur action. After the war, schools were crammed with returning veterans. In 1949, a revised set of minimum standards was sent to all U.S. institutions offering a degree in chemistry (Skolnik Reese, 1976). 

The abundance of incident solar energy, particularly in large desert regions with few interruptions due to cloud cover, lends to the appeal of solar heat engines. Electrical power produced via thermal conversion of solar energy by means of a conventional Rankine cycle is technically achievable. 

The goal of green chemistry is to reduce the hazards associated with products and processes that are essential not only to maintain the quality of life achieved by society through chemistry, but also to further advance the technical achievements of chemistry, and to do so in a sustainable manner. Reduction of risk is a beneficial result of green chemistry. Risk can be summarized in simple terms as the product of the hazard of a particular substance and the exposure to that substance ... 

T o get things done in this world, we need men of action and common sense to see that more good is done than harm, we need men of reflection and uncommon sense. Both types play their role in maintaining the balance between the extremes of recklessness and stagnation. These days both types could hardly avoid being aware of the difficulties and unforeseen consequences resulting from our unprecedented technical achievements. The problems of environmental pollution have attracted attention and concern at all levels of responsibility and from all fields of competence. 

A significant contribution of Raman spectroscopy to the analytical characterization of biomedical issues has been made in the area of biomaterials, especially in the identification of biodegradation and deterioration [1, 2]. The general impact of Raman spectroscopy on the study of biomaterials has been described by this author in three recent review articles [3-5]. In this chapter, the topic of Raman characterization of biomaterials is revisited with particular emphasis placed on those biomaterials widely employed for load-bearing surfaces in artificial joints. Important recent case studies are presented to illustrate the power of the Raman technique to answer key questions of broad medical, scientific, and technological interest. The analytical and physical science lying behind the Raman effect is shown to contribute to the accumulation of a wealth of fundamental information about the medical and technical achievements of prosthesis makers. 

The most welcome technical achievements in life science are the ones that enhance well-being or restore impaired or lost biological functions. Rehabilitation engineering is a research field that has devoted its full spectrum of efforts to compensate for malfunctions and disorders in human biological systems. This includes the development of devices for the rehabilitation of neural disorders which are termed neural prostheses. Neural prostheses directly interface with the central and peripheral nervous system. The most commonly known neural prosthesis is the cardiac pacemaker, which has existed for more than 30 years. A variety of other lesser known devices have been developed to partially restore neural functions in disabled people. 

Others. In any appreciation of the work of a department, one can always identify many dedicated, hard-working chemists and engineers who played important roles in the department s technical achievements. Among the people who made my seven years at Bristol-Myers so successful were chemical engineers Walt Williams, Bruce Shutts, Stephen Yu, Dave Warner, and Dave Angel and chemists, Drs. Chester Sapino,... 

The development of ab initio methods, which has come to be known as quantum chemistry, is one of the outstanding cumulative intellectual and technical achievements of the past fifty years. Fifty years ago, at the time of the publication of Herzberg s classic book [14], quantum mechanics had been applied to the calculation of the wave functions of the very simplest molecules, but for most systems the problems were considered intractable. At the turn of the millenium we have come a long way, but many difficult problems remain. Progress has been closely related to the development of the digital computer, and the technical achievements in the use of computers to solve problems in quantum mechanics have been impressive. There has always, however, been an accompanying and continual need for intellectual advances to make use of the technology. This section describes the nature of the problems to be solved, and some of the methods which have been developed to tackle them. 

Shortly before the war officially ended, a vast writing project was initiated by Rabi at MIT. The outcome of this effort was a series of books, twenty-seven volumes in all, that contained a complete account of the technical achievements of the Radiation Lab-... 

During secondary drying, the product temperature has to be raised to the maximum tolerable temperature of the dried product. This raise can be done as quickly as can be technically achieved in the plant. Raising it more slowly does not make the procedure safer. When there is no more ice in the product, the final temperature can be applied. The only exception may be in the case of very small dry product per vial. Water vapor desorbed at a high rate may take fine particles from the product and transport them to the chamber. The product temperature will approach... 

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