High tensions

As anode and cathode of the tube have to share the same vacuum envelope, and the insulating material has to insulate the high tension between these respective electrodes, the material is always part of the vacuum envelope of the tube. Therefore, the insulator has to be vacuum tight and must be able to carry the atmospheric pressure, which loads this envelope. 

G. Luxa and co-workers. Item D. Paschen CurveforSF, 1975 CIGRE International Conference on Earge High Tension Electrical Systems. 

Because the energy production and storage 2one is far underground, HDR plants should occupy only a minimal space on the surface. In addition, siting opportunities are predicted to be extremely versatile, and the locations of faciHties can be chosen for minimal visual impact or to eliminate the need for long mns of high tension lines. 

Fig. 17. Electroseparators (a) high tension separator, and (b) plate-type electrostatic (6).

Induced-roU separators have also been used in the concentration and cleaning of heavy minerals found in beach sands. Examples are the mtUe and ilmenite beach sands of Florida and New Jersey. Induced-roU separators are frequently used in combination with high tension or electrostatic separators. 

The usual precautions must be observed around the high tension electrical equipment supplying power. The carbon monoxide formed, if collected in closed furnaces, is usually handled through blowers, scmbbers, and thence to a pipe transmission system. As calcium carbide exposed to water readily generates acetylene, the numerous cooling sections required must be constandy monitored for leaks. When acetylene is generated, proper precautions must be taken because of explosibiUty of air—acetylene mixtures over a wide range of concentrations (from 2.5 to 82% acetylene by volume) and the dammabiUty of 82—100% mixtures under certain conditions. 

A high temperature thermocouple uses sihcon carbide (146). It is also used in lightning arrestors to protect high tension power lines, and in high loss factor microwave attenuators (147). 

Drum construction is typically of carbon or stainless steel when treating granular materials minus 1 mm in size. Drum diameter has ranged from 0,150 to 0,360 rn, while drum length v aries from 0,460 to 3,050 rn in industrial ion-bornbardrnent (high-tension) machines. 

Further chapters cover in detail the characteristics and applications of galvanic anodes and of cathodic protection rectifiers, including specialized instruments for stray current protection and impressed current anodes. The fields of application discussed are buried pipelines storage tanks tank farms telephone, power and gas-pressurized cables ships harbor installations and the internal protection of water tanks and industrial plants. A separate chapter deals with the problems of high-tension effects on pipelines and cables. A study of costs and economic factors concludes the discussion. The appendix contains those tables and mathematical derivations which appeared appropriate for practical purposes and for rounding off the subject. 

Approved indications FDA-approved in May, 2000, as lung sealant. FDA-approved in 1998 for skin closure of external lacerations and simple incisions. Avoid high tension. FDA-approved in December, 2001, as an adjunct in vascular surgical anastomoses. 

Hochspannungsstrom, m. Elec.) high-tension (or Wgh-voltage) current, hdchst, a. highest maximum utmost, — adv. most highly, extremely. 

Spalt-versuch, m. Min.) cleavage test, -win- el, m. Cryst.) cleavage angle, -zunder, m. high-tension detonator. 

The high voltage is obtained either by a step-up transformer from the mains, or a motor-generator set, or alternatively from batteries and a vibrator with a high-tension coil. The battery-operated instruments, are most popular as they are easily portable and most suited for field use. Such an instrument is illustrated in Fig. 10.53. 

The application of high tension (e.g. 20 kV, 0.5 MHz) in an evacuated system (0.2. .. 8 torr) causes the residual gas to form a highly ionized mixture of positive and negative ions, electrons, photons and neutral gas molecules. In the presence of active sorbents this plasma reacts with the chromatographically separated substances to eld reactive ions and radicals. 

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