Economic climate

The principal producers of aluminum trifluoride in North America are Alcan, Alcoa, and AUiedSignal. It is also produced in other countries, eg, France, Mexico, Norway, Italy, Tunisia, and Japan. Total worldwide production of aluminum trifluoride in 1990 was 400,000 metric tons and the price was 1100/t. In 1993, because of excess recovery of fluorine values, use of energy efficient smelters, and the worldwide economic climate, the price was down to 750/t. 

If a well proves productive, the ensuing completion operation may require an area in excess of the drilling area. This may mean allocations for frac tank placement, blenders, pump trucks, bulk trucks and nitrogen trucks. In today s economic climate, the operator should weigh the probability of success, Bayes theorem (Equation 4-373), with the cost of constructing and reclaiming an additional area needed for stimulation (Equation 4-374). Plans such as these... 

Marland, G., McCarl, B. A., and Schneider, U. A. (2001). Soil carbon Policy and economics. Climate Change 51,101-117. 

Stern, N., Stern Review The Economics of Climate Change, http //www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/ independent reviews/stern review economics climate change/sternreview index.cfm, April 29, 2007. 

The smaller chemical specialty manufacturers have been hurt the most. A recent study commissioned by the Chemical Specialty Manufacturers Association indicates that while new substance development fell 26 percent among chemical specialty manufacturers, 98 percent of the decline was concentrated among ingredient suppliers with less than 100 million of annual sales (8J. Although the general economic climate may have... 

Two major recent reports [ The Stern Review The Economics of Climate Change from the UK government (http //www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/independent reviews/stern review economics climate change/stern review report.cfm) and Climate Change 2007 The Physical Science Basis from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC http //www.ipcc.ch)] have amplified and emphasised the points made here. 

It can be concluded that the biochemical production of liquid fuels from biomass is technologically feasible, but much work is still needed to optimize the various aspects of the processes. The present day economic climate is not favourable for production of these fuels from biomass by biochemical routes. 

Liquidity ratios are a measure of a company s ability to pay its shortterm debts. Current ratio is obtained by dividing the current assets by the current liabilities. Depending on the economic climate, this ratio is 1.5 to 2.0 for the chemical process industries, but some companies operate closer to 1.0. The quick ratio is another measure of liquidity and is cash plus marketable securities divided by the current liabilities and is slightly greater than 1.0. 

The intent of the symposium upon which this book is based was to (1) identify the technical and economic forces that are crucial for the successful production of chemicals from synthesis gas and methanol within an ever-changing world economic climate, (2) delineate the present state of technical development for the chemicals most likely to be commercially produced from synthesis gas and methanol, and (3) provide useful new mechanistic insights into these and closely related processes that will speed development of the field. This volume contains chapters written by most of the speakers from that symposium. In addition, several complementary chapters have been added for subject balance. The result is a volume that covers technical and economic aspects of most of the new industrially interesting synthesis gas- or methanol-based chemical processes. 

The most powerful tool to minimise the component of variance due to error in the laboratory is the discipline which recognised accreditation schemes bring. They encompass all the likely areas which produce mistakes, documented procedures, training, checking procedures, control of samples, monitoring conditions, formal audits and perhaps above all calibration. The general quality movement has produced pressures to make laboratory accreditation commonplace and as more laboratories reach this status it must be expected that reproducibility will improve. In the current economic climate, a problem is finding sufficient laboratories able to devote sufficient time to precision trials. 

The limitations of looking at the history of any industry are recognized, however, the value of such an exercise should not be underestimated. This background, and a knowledge of the broader spectrum of the prevailing domestic economic climate, improves the potential for more reliable decision making. 

The COGAS Process promises to become an important means for this country to supplement its diminishing petroleum and natural gas supplies by the conversion of coal to clean-energy-fuels. Depending on continuing technical success, and a receptive economic climate, this promise should be achieved in the late 19801s. 

The main component of this type of developmental work is a detailed evaluation of the manufacturing processes used to make the company s products. The targets are therefore derived from discussions within the company after considering the economic climate in which the derived products and business must perform and, importantly, how customers view the current product line or ranges. The benefits that are being sought from process development work are ... 

It was in this economic climate that a major Brazilian company recently awarded to Davy Rpwergas the design of a 2000 TPD methanol plant based upon the atmospheric gasification of Eucalyptus Trees. 

In recent years several commercial plants have been constructed for conversion of coal to synthesis gas for chemical manufacturing. These include the Eastman Chemical s acetic anhydride plant, the Ube (Japan) ammonia plant, the SAR (Germany) oxo chemicals plant, and several coal to ammonia plants in China (e.g., Weihe, Huainan, and Lunan). The Ube plant and the SAR plant have since converted to lower-cost opportunity fuels (petroleum coke and residues). The Eastman plant is still operating exclusively on coal. Feedstock changes at the other plants illustrate the vulnerability of coal conversion processes to a changing economic climate. The fact that the Eastman process remains competitive under changing conditions is due to a set of special circumstances that favor a coal-based process. The success of the Eastman chemicals from coal complex demonstrates that synthesis gas from coal is a viable feedstock for some industrial chemicals under certain conditions. 

But the economic criteria developed here are readily changed to reflect different assumptions. A strength of the method is that it can quickly lead to changes in the optimum plant design based on projected changes in the overall economic climate. 

Despite being a so called mature product, operating in a difficult economic climate, PVC is adapting to the demands of the 21st Century. It is still the second largest thermoplastic material, based on market volume, and retains its position as a cost effective and flexible material. The market is developing at 3-4% per year with most growth in the construction area, particularly Asia. 

As we search for the energy sources of the future, we need to consider economic, climatic, and supply factors. There are several potential energy sources the sun (solar), nuclear processes (fission and fusion), biomass (plants), and synthetic fuels. Direct use of the sun s radiant energy to heat our homes and run our factories and transportation systems seems a sensible longterm goal. But what do we do now Conservation of fossil fuels is one obvious step, but substitutes for fossil fuels must be found eventually. We will discuss some alternative sources of energy here. Nuclear power will be considered in Chapter 21. 

Companies make money in essentially two ways - they either increase revenue and/or reduce costs. On the revenue side, the business case for CSR is more difficult to quantify reliably, for too many factors influence a company s performance. The general economic climate, industry conditions and market demands, volume discounts to distributors to clear out inventory, and acquisitions all affect revenue, but none has anything do with a company s CSR. Similarly, with stock price, while CSR companies may be more attractive to socially responsible investors (SRI), their corporate responsibility is only one of a half dozen or more factors that influence the buying decisions of money managers and stock analysts. 

The manufacture of any large-scale, industrially important compound is susceptible to changes in the availability of raw materials, the economic climate, legislative constraints, and the particular manufacturer s local considerations. There is little doubt, at the present time, that (under the vast majority of conditions) the synthesis of phosgene from carbon monoxide and dichlorine, catalysed by activated charcoal, constitutes the most favourable method in economic terms. 

Seciuity is on the mind of every citizen of Planet Earth, and these concerns are closely tied to events in the Middle East. The political and economic climate currently shared by Middle Eastern nations is grave, and casts a shadow over the safety of everyone in the world. Events in the region burst into violence daily, consuming lives and resources while threatening a far wider conflagration. 

If the pace of innovation does threaten our economic welfare, why did the President not recommend a comparable boost for applied civilian research and development which, in theory, have a much more direct bearing on commercialization Perhaps the answer is that the Administration prefers to leave development largely to the private sector, ameliorate some of the negative effects on innovation of current Federal regulatory, economic, tax, and antitrust policies, and institute indirect incentives by way of creating a more favorable economic climate. This is one possible outcome of the mammoth interagency innovation policy study, which the President launched in May 1978 and directed to produce recommendations by April 1, 1979. 

Finally, no analysis can be made without appropriate sample preparation. In today s economic climate, the need - and search - for new ways to prepare samples is becoming increasingly important. This is especially true as several analytical techniques are now limited, in general terms, by the ability to produce acceptable samples. Our choice rested with two, relatively new, techniques, the microwave-assisted processes (MAP i, Chapter 10) and supercritical fluid extraction (Chapter 11). 

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