And innovation policy

Aidan Hollis is Associate Professor of Economics at the University of Calgary and a Research Fellow of the Institute of Health Economics. His principal research interests are competition and innovation policies in pharmaceutical markets. 

Ostry, Sylvia (1990). Governments and Corporations in a Shrinking World—Trade and Innovation Policies in the United States, Europe and Japan. New York Council on Foreign Relations. 

It frequently has been noted that many studies of innovation and innovation policy have been done in the past. 

Lord Sainsbury of Turville. (2007). The race to the top A review of government s science and innovation policies. London HM Treasury. 

Science Policy Resolution (1958), Technology Policy Statement (1983), Science and Technology Policy (2003), and the recent Science, Technology and Innovation Policy... 

Rychlewski devoted much of his energy and talent to his educational and administrative duties. In 1992, he got involved in creating the Poznan Supercomputing and Networking Center for computational chemistry and physics. Between 1998 and 2001, he served as an advisor for scientific and innovative policy to the Minister of Science and as a member of the Prime Minister s Advisory Council for Informatics. As a member of the National Council for Science of Solidarnosc he made significant contributions to the reform of the academic education and of scientific codification. 

James Wilsdon (social science of the nexus joined-up approaches to food, energy, water and environment politics of scientific advice interdisciplinarity, particularly between natural and social sciences governance of new and emerging technologies science and innovation policy public engagement in science, technology and research). Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex, Brighton... 

The Ministry of Science and Technology (MoST) recently published a document called the Green Paper on Science, Technology and Innovation Policy of Ethiopia-Building Competitiveness through Innovation (MoST, 2012). In this document the pharmaceutical industry has not only been... 

MoST (2013) National Sdeirce, Technology and Innovation Policy of Ethiopia, Ministry of Science and Technology Ethiopia. Available horn http //www.most.gov.et/ [accessed 3 May 2015]. 

Sudip Chaudhuri is Professor of Economics at the Indian Institute of Management, Calcutta. His research interest includes matters relating to patents, the pharmaceutical industry as well as industrial and innovation policy. He has undertaken several studies for the United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna and United Nations Development Programme, New York on the subject of promoting local production of pharmaceuticals in Africa. 

Reger, Guido, 1998, Changes in the R D Strategies of Transnational Firms Challenges for National Technology and Innovation Policy, STI Review No. 22, OECD, 234-276. 

Wilson, M.P. (2006) Green Chemistry in California A Framework for Leadership in Chemicals Policy and Innovation. Prepared for California Senate Environmental Quality Committee and the... 

Three submarkets of the pharmaceutical market can be distinguished innovative patented products sold by prescription, products whose patent has expired and are sold by prescription, and products sold without a prescription. The public regulation of prices in the first of these submarkets, and often also in the second, is a fact that can be observed in most Western countries, with certain notable exceptions such as the USA. Concern about the particular characteristics of the pharmaceutical market (for example, the existence of patents and the pharmaceutical industry s rate of return), together with the desire to provide the majority of the population with access to medicines, regardless of their ability to pay (in many countries the public sector is the main buyer in this market), has led to the fairly widespread adoption of more or less strict price intervention and control policies for pharmaceuticals. 

Beise, M. (2005). Lead markets, innovation differentials and growth. International Economics and Economic Policy, 1 (4), 305-328. 

Therefore, the research and innovation system of a country has to be analysed and must be convinced by the opportunities and the new vision of a 2000 Watt per capita society. Any recommended efficiency-policy portfolio and R D efforts have to be evaluated within the context of the relevant research and innovation boundary conditions of the actors and institutions involved (see Fig. 20.3). The research and innovation systems of a country encompass the biotopes of all the institutions that are ... 

These characteristics of the efficiency innovation system are general in nature and indeed almost independent of the specific country considered, but they are also highly dependent on the ubiquity and heterogeneity of energy and material efficiency. The weaknesses of under-co-ordinated innovation policy making, which seem to... 

Dr Eberhard Jochem is Professor Emeritus for Economics and Energy Economics at the Centre of Energy Policy and Economics (CEPE) at ETH Zurich, which he founded in 1999. He has been senior executive at the Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research (ISI), Karlsruhe, Germany, since 2000. He is an internationally acknowledged expert in technical, socioeconomic and policy research, mainly in the field of energy efficiency and climate change. 

The expected private benefit depends on a number of market characteristics and public policies, including market size, intellectual property rights, price regulation, and the magnitude of prizes for innovation. Some public policies, such as the Orphan Drug Act, may affect both the costs and the expected private benefits of R D investment. 

Previous analysis of vaccine policy has distinguished between pull policies that stimulate innovation by increasing demand for vaccines and push policies that accomplish this objective by shifting the supply ofvaccine curve to the right (Kremer and Glennester 2004 Chapters 4-6). Hollis (Chapter 4) and Maurer (Chapter 5) discuss how government or international sponsors can use various forms of subsidy or reward to promote pharmaceutical innovation for neglected diseases, which are pull policies. 

GaUini, N., and S. Scotchmer. 2002. Intellectual Property When Is It the Best Incentive Mechanism in Innovation Policy and the Economy, ed. by A. Jaffe, J. Lerner, and S. Stern, 2 51-78. Cambridge, MA MIT Press. 

Lichtenberg, Frank R. 2004a. Public Policy and Innovation in the U.S. Pharmaceutical Industry, in Public Policy and the Economics of Entrepreneurship, ed. by Douglas Holtz-Eakin and Harvey S. Rosen, 83-113. Cambridge, MA MIT Press. 

In 1999, the Ministry of Research, in association with the Ministry of Industry, created the Fuel Cell Technological Research Network (PACo network) to contribute to French energy policy for the development of new energy sources. The purposes of the network were to foster creativity and innovation needed for the commercial development of fuel cells and to encourage public-private partnerships and facilitate interdisciplinary cooperation. In July 2000, the government launched CNRT (Centre National de Recherche Tech nolog ique) in Belfort-Montbeliard, involving the construction of a fuel cell test platform dedicated to transport applications. The fiiel cell test capacities have demonstrated power up to 200 kW. 

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