Economic system ecological economics

Electrolytic Cell Operating Characteristics. Currently the greatest volume of chlorine production is by the diaphragm ceU process, foUowed by that of the mercury ceU and then the membrane ceU. However, because of the ecological and economic advantages of the membrane process over the other systems, membrane ceUs are currently favored for new production facHities. The basic characteristics of the three ceU processes are shown in Eigure 5. 

The primary goals of 1PM are (/) to determine how the life system of the pest needs to be modified to reduce the numbers to tolerable levels, ie, below the economic threshold (2) to apply biological knowledge and current technology to achieve the desired modification, ie, appHed ecology and (2) to devise procedures for pest control compatible with economic and environmental control aspects, ie, economic and social acceptance (9). 

Another important parameter for describing a secondary electrochemical cell is the achievable number of cycles or the lifetime. For economic and ecological reasons, systems with a high cycle life are preferred. The number of cycles indicates how often a secondary battery can be charged and discharged repeatedly before a lower limit (defined as a failure) of the capacity is reached. This value is often set at 80 percent of the nominal capacity. To compare different battery systems, besides the number of cycles, the depth of discharge must be quoted. 

Without any doubt the microporous polyethylene pocket will meet all requirements of modern starter batteries for the foreseeable future. Whether and to what extent other constructions, such as valve-regulated lead-acid batteries, other battery systems, or even supercapacitors, will find acceptance, depends — besides the technical aspects — on the emphasis which is placed on the ecological or economical factors. 

Kus, J. Stalenga, J. (2000) Comparison of economic and energy efficiency in ecological and conventional crop production systems. Proceedings of the 13th International IFOAM Scientific Conference, Basel, Switzerland, pp 395. 

LCI, where the system is quantified in a strict format of linked processes. Each process is described in terms of the physical inputs and outputs, both economic (raw materials, materials, products) and environmental (extractions from and emissions to the environment). Out of the total, an ecological profile is compiled listing and adding up all extractions and emissions of the system. An important methodological issue is allocation how to deal with multi-output processes This issue is especially important when dealing with waste management processes and will be dealt with below. 

Environmental economists and ecological economists work in very similar fields but with some differences that it might be useful for the reader to know about. Ecological economics can be defined as the field of study that addresses the relationship between ecosystem and economic systems in the broadest sense [23]. While the ecological economist has a biophysical view of value, the environmental economist states that the value cannot be reduced to a simple physical metric [18]. 

The decision on the selection of measures has to be made by politicians/managers. Scientists can provide transparency for the decision makers by clarifying the current and potential future status of the system, the possible measures and their ecological, economical and social consequences. Scientists should learn the language and the interests of the public, because often information handed over from the scientists/ water managers to the public is perceived not reliable and/or relevant for them, moreover taking into account that public participation is mandatory according to the WFD. It is clear that public participation is important for the implementation of measures and for acceptance, because measures can have an impact on specific interests of the public (see example described in the previous section). 

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