Material flow accounting

Behrens A (2004) Environmental policy instruments for dematerialisation of the European Union. SERI Background Papers, No 7. Sustainable Europe Research Institute, Vienna EUROSTAT (2001) Economy-wide material flow accounts and derived indicators. A methodological guide. Statistical Office of the European Union, Luxembourg Giljum S (2006) Material flow-based indicators for evaluation of eco-efficiency and dematerialisation policies. In Lawn P (ed) Sustainability indicators in Ecological Economics. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham... 

Another system is being developed at present under the abbreviation MFA, i.e., Material Flow Accounting [63], [64]. This utilizes a more general economic approach... 

ConAccount—Support for poliq towards sustainibility by Material Flow Accounting, Conference at Wuppertal, September 1997. 

CBA, cost-benefit analysis DMC, direct material consumption DMI. direct material input EF. ecological footprint EIA, environmental impact assessment EMS, environmental management system En. energy analysis lOA, input-output analysis LCA, lifecycle assessment LCC. life cycle costing MFA, material flow accounting MIPS material intensity per unit service RA, risk assessment SEA. strategic environmental assessment SEEA system of economic and environmental accounts SFA, substance flow analysis TMR. total material requirement. 

Still other rate processes occur that are not necessarily associated with change in composition heat transfer and fluid flow. Consideration of heat transfer introduces contributions to the energy of a system that are not associated with material flow, and helps to determine T. Consideration of fluid flow for our purpose is mainly confined to the need to take frictional pressure drop into account in reactor performance. 

Under these assumptions (and accounting for the fact that the energy flows Hi associated with the material streams can be written as products of the material flow rate F and a specific enthalpy, Hi = Fh ), the model of Equation (6.29) becomes... 

The flow of materials is accounted for with two balances conservation of mass and conservation of momentum transfer. The most important is a momentum balance, which is also called the equation of motion. The mass balance (also called the continuity equation) makes sure that mass is conserved. 

A material balance is nothing more than an accounting for material flows and changes in inventory of material for a system. Examine Fig. 2.2. Equation (2.1) de-... 

Table 4 provides an example of the mass balance of wood inputs and outputs for producing 1,000 square feet of plywood balancing inputs and outputs provides a check on the accountability of materials flows. Wood outputs are either products... 

ISO 14051 2011 Environmental management — Material flow cost accounting — General framework... 

In a real chip formation process, the work material passes through the shear zone and forms the chip. This mass flow enables a heat flow from the workpiece to the chip side. Viewing the chip formation process as a two-body problem, an initial heat partition fraction has to be considered. The heat flow due to the material flow is not taken into account. As a consequence the heat partition fraction to the chip is systematically underestimated by these approaches. 

Rogich MD, Cassara A, Wemick I, Miranda M. Material flows in the United States a physical accounting of the U.S. industrial economy. World Resources fnstimte 2008. 

These axioms express necessary structural properties of process flowsheets to be feasible and serve two purposes. First, they help to analyze the initial structure whether it contains operating units or material flows, which can never contribute to the production of a product. Later on, axioms are utihzed to take into account each potential alternative structure with minimal computational effort. 

At this point, the material flow characteristics must be taken into account. If the resin is a free-flowing pellet, a standard 45° hopper bottom is adequate. If the resin has poorer flow characteristics, such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) dry blend, then a 60° hopper bottom should be specified. If the material is extremely difficult, a specially engineered hopper with air pads or other flow-inducing devices may be required. 

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