Digestion intestinal

End Products of TAG, DAG, and MAG Digestion Intestinal digestion and absorption are interrelated phenomena that go on simultaneously. The chemical form in which fatty acids present in food fats are taken up depends on rates of digestion and isomerization relative to rates of uptake. The chemical form in which a fatty acid is present in the intestinal lumen or is taken up in the intestinal cells is of utmost importance because it influences its further metabolism. 

Ficin is well known for its ability to digest intestinal worms in vitro. 

Probiotics are live microorganisms that improve the health status of the host, and exert their effects primarily in the intestinal tract. A broad range of applications of probiotic cultures has emerged, and the application of probiotic cultures is restricted only by the ability of the cultures to survive in the different food types. Probiotic bacteria in the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium are most commonly used. The most important and well-documented health benefits of these genera are their effects on lactose digestion, intestinal microbial balance and dysfunction, immune modulation, hypersensitivity, carcinogenesis, and blood cholesterol levels. 

Time of Foot Otocyst Oper- Shell Velum Eyes Esoph- Stomach Digestive Intestine Heart... 

As we have seen in this chapter steroids have a number of functions in human physiology Cholesterol is a component part of cell mem branes and is found in large amounts in the brain Derivatives of cholic acid assist the digestion of fats in the small intestine Cortisone and its derivatives are involved in maintaining the electrolyte balance in body fluids The sex hormones responsible for mascu line and feminine characteristics as well as numerous aspects of pregnancy from conception to birth are steroids... 

Lipids present in the diet may become rancid. When fed at high (>4-6%) levels, Hpids may decrease diet acceptabiUty, increase handling problems, result in poor pellet quaUty, cause diarrhea, reduce feed intake, and decrease fiber digestion in the mmen (5). To alleviate the fiber digestion problem, calcium soaps or prilled free fatty acids have been developed to escape mminal fermentation. These fatty acids then are available for absorption from the small intestine (5). Feeding whole oilseeds also has alleviated some of the problems caused by feeding Hpids. A detailed discussion of Hpid metaboHsm by mminants can be found (16). 

Acarbose is a nonabsorbable a-glucosidase inhibitor which blocks the digestion of starch, sucrose, and maltose. The digestion of complex carbohydrates is delayed and occurs throughout the small intestine rather than in the upper part of the jejunum. Absorption of glucose and other monosaccharides is not affected. Acarbose is adrninistered orally three times a day and chewed with the first mouthful of food. 

Gastrointestinal x-ray imaging is the imaging of the small and large intestines and the colon. The contrast between the various tissues found in the abdomen is poor. As a consequence, a contrast agent is introduced into the digestive tract which absorbs more x-rays than do the tissues in the abdomen. 

Beef tapeworm (Taenia saginatd) is found worldwide in people who eat rare beef and is most common in developing countries. Worms are often 5—10 m long with about 1000 proglottides. Usually a patient carries only one worm. Infected persons are frequently asymptomatic, but intestinal disturbances can occur. Detached sections of worm 0.5 cm x 2 cm may creep out of the end of the digestive tract. 

Both the adult and the larval cysticerci (bladderworm) of Taenia solium (pork tapeworm) are able to Hve in humans the parasite is found sporadically in uncooked pork. In the stomach, the larva is digested out of the pork flesh it then grows and attaches to the wall of the small intestine. Maturity is reached in 5—12 weeks. The adult is 5 m long, and untreated adult worms may survive for 25 years. 

The filariform larva found in moist soils may be either ingested or penetrate the skin of its host. It is then carried through the circulatory system to the lungs and migrates up the respiratory tree into the digestive tract. The worms feed on intestinal tissue and blood. Some worms may persist in humans as long as nine years. Infestations cause cutaneous reactions, pulmonary lesions, intestinal ulcerations, and anemia. 

Fiber components are the principal energy source for colonic bacteria with a further contribution from digestive tract mucosal polysaccharides. Rate of fermentation varies with the chemical nature of the fiber components. Short-chain fatty acids generated by bacterial action are partiaUy absorbed through the colon waU and provide a supplementary energy source to the host. Therefore, dietary fiber is partiaUy caloric. The short-chain fatty acids also promote reabsorption of sodium and water from the colon and stimulate colonic blood flow and pancreatic secretions. Butyrate has added health benefits. Butyric acid is the preferred energy source for the colonocytes and has been shown to promote normal colonic epitheUal ceU differentiation. Butyric acid may inhibit colonic polyps and tumors. The relationships of intestinal microflora to health and disease have been reviewed (10). 

FIGURE 2.16 pH versus enzymatic activity. The activity of enzymes is very sensitive to pH. The pH optimum of an enzyme is one of its most important characteristics. Pepsin is a protein-digesting enzyme active in the gastric fluid. Trypsin is also a proteolytic enzyme, but it acts in the more alkaline milieu of the small intestine. Lysozyme digests the cell walls of bacteria it is found in tears. 

A much more common metabolic disorder, lactose intolerance, occurs commonly in most parts of the world (notable exceptions being some parts of Africa and northern Europe). Lactose intolerance is an inability to digest lactose because of the absence of the enzyme lactase in the intestines of adults. The symptoms of this disorder, which include diarrhea and general discomfort, can be relieved by eliminating milk from the diet. 

Stage 1 Bulk food is digested in the stomach and small intestine to give small molecules. 

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