Driving simulator

De Valck, E., De Groot, E. Cluydts, R. (2003). Effects of slow-release caffeine and a nap on driving simulator performance after partial sleep deprivation. Percept. Mot. Skills 96 (1), 67-78. 

Ashton H, Savage RD, Telford R, Thompson JW and Watson DW (1972). The effects of cigarette smoking on the response to stress in a driving simulator. British Journal of Pharmacology, 45, 546-556. 

Cox DJ, Gonder-Frederick LA, Kovatchev BP, Julian DM, Clarke WL. Progressive hypoglycemia s impact on driving simulation performance. Occurrence, awareness and correction. Diabetes Care 2000 23(2) 163-70. 

In a comparison of cetirizine and loratadine, cetirizine 10 mg had acute sedative effects and impaired driving performance (65), whereas loratadine had no sedating potential furthermore, there was an additive effect of alcohol and cetirizine but not alcohol and loratadine. However, in a study using a driving simulator cetirizine 10 mg did not affect driving ability (66). In other studies cetirizine 20 mg caused significant sedation, while in one study there was a dose-dependent sedative effect with 10 mg and 20 mg but not 5 mg (67). Pooling the available data (SEDA-16, 163) shows that cetirizine is little more sedative than loratadine and terfenadine. 

Weiler JM, Bloomfield JR, Woodworth GG, Grant AR, Layton TA, Brown TL, McKenzie DR, Baker TW, Watson GS. Effects of fexofenadine, diphenhydramine, and alcohol on driving performance. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial in the Iowa driving simulator. Ann Intern Med 2000 132(5) 354-63. 

Gengo FM, Gabos C, Mechtler L. Ouantitative effects of cetirizine and diphenhydramine on mental performance measured using an automobile driving simulator. Ann Allergy 1990 64(6) 520-6. 

The effects of isoniazid 750 mg with alcohol 0.5 g/kg were examined in 100 subjects given various psychomotor tests, and in a further 50 drivers using a driving simulator. No major interaction was seen in the psychomotor tests, but the number of drivers who drove off the road on the simulator was increased. " There would therefore appear to be some extra risks for patients taking isoniazid who drink and drive, but the effect does not appear to be large. Patients should nevertheless be warned. 

Linnoila M, Mattila MJ. Interaction of alcohol and drugs on psychomotor skills as demonstrated by a driving simulator. BrJ Pharmacol (1973) 47,671P-672P. 

Willumeit H-P, Ott H, Neubert W, Hemmerling K-G, Schratzer M, Fichte K. Alcohol interaction of lormetazepam, mepindolol sulphate and diazepam measured by performance on the driving simulator. Pharmacopsychiatry (1984) 17, 36-43. 

Double-blind studies in a large number of professional army drivers found that 50 mg of codeine and alcohol 0.5 g/kg, both alone and together, impaired their ability to drive safely on a static driving simulator. The number of collisions , neglected instructions and the times they drove off the road were increased. Alcohol does not appear to affect the pharmacokinetics of codeine. See also, controlled-release opioids, below. 

No clinically relevant effects were found in interaction studies in which sertraline was given with a single intravenous dose of diazepam. One in vitro study in human liver microsomes suggested that sertraline inhibits the metabolism of alprazolam, whereas another suggested no interaction occurred. In vivo studies largely demonstrate a lack of interaction. For example, a pharmacokinetic study in 10 healthy subjects found that sertraline 50 to 150 mg daily had no effect on the pharmacokinetics of alprazolam, although some small decreases in a driving simulation score were seen at the 100- and 150-mg doses of sertraline. Similarly, sertraline 50 mg daily had no effect on the pharmacokinetics of alprazolam 1 mg daily in 12 healthy subjects, after 2 weeks of concurrent use. ... 

LFPs were used to drive simulated cyber digits [6]... 

Hopkins, J. and Z. Parseghian, et al. (1997). A Driving Simulator Evaluation of Active Warning Signs. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 41 (2) 921-925. 

Banks, S., Catcheside, R, Lack, L., Grunstein, R. R., and McEvoy, R. D. 2004. Low levels of alcohol impair driving simulator performance and reduce perception of crash risk in partially sleep deprived subjects. Sleep 27 1063-1067. 

Boyle, L. N. and Lee, J. D. 2010. Using driving simulators to assess driving safety. Accid. Anal. Prev. 42 785-787. 

Gianutsos, R. 1994. Driving advisement with the Elemental Driving Simulator (EDS) When less suffices. Behav. Res. Meth. Instrum. Comput. 26 183-186. 

The participants were instructed in advance to follow their normal daily routine and to avoid taking any stimulating substances (coffee, caffeine, etc.) before the experiment. The dry electrodes on wheel were finely prepared each time before a participant started with driving simulation. To increase occurrence of drowsiness a monotonous driving scenario (highway with low traffic density at daytime) was chosen for the experiment. The duration of driving session for each participant was set to 60 minutes. To minimize driving style associated influ-... 

C. Zocchi, A. Giusti, A.Rovetta, et ah, Biosensors for microsleeps detection during drive simulations, Biodevices 2008 International Conference Proceedings, 2008. 

The effectiveness of new measures should be quantitatively evaluated during the design and development phases, i.e., before market introduction, so approaches using retrospective analysis (e.g., based on accident data) are not applicable. The method must therefore not only be valid in the sense that it is able to capture the desired effect, but also be valid in its structure, assumptions, and internal procedures in order to produce a realistic and meaningful result. Therefore, real-world effectiveness requires statistical representativity. Classical methods such as subject studies in driving simulators lack this representativity considering a combination of different possible variations (e.g., subject sample, environmental conditions, etc.). The method of choice to fulfill these requirements is a simulation technique. 

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