Distillery industry

Piya-areetham, P., Shenchunthichai, K. and Hunsom, M. (2006) Application of electrooxidation process for treating concentrated wastewater from distillery industry with a voluminous electrode. Water Res. 40, 2857-2864. 

Dried distillers grains (DDG), a co-product of the distillery industry is abundant in Minnesota. About 98% of the DDG in North America comes from com plants that produce ethanol for oxygenated fuels. The remaining 1-2% of DDG is produced by the alcohol beverage industry. Approximately 3.2 million metric tons of DDG are produced in North America annually. In recent years, some regions of the USA, especially the Midwest, have required more use of oxygenated fuels (e.g., ethanol-gasoline blends) to reduce air pollution... 

Japanese-bom scientist Jokichi Takamine developed the commercial nse of mold-derived enzymes and introduced these fungal products to industry. Takamine, the Japanese father of American biotechnology , brought a modification of the koji process to the United States in the late nineteenth century (Bennett, 1985 Machida et al., 2008). He believed koji-derived amylolytic enzymes conld revolutionize the American distillery industry. His method involved growing A. oryzae on steamed bran and using aqueous... 

Spiritus, m. spirit, spirits, specif, alcohol, spiritusartig, a. spirituous, alcoholic. Splritus-beize, /. spirit mordant spirit stain, -blau, n. spirit blue, -brenner, m. (spirit) distiller alcohol burner, -brennerei, /. distillery, -dampf, m. alcohol vapor, -fa-bfik, /. spirit manufactory, distillery, -fass, n. spirit cask or barrel, -geruch, m. odor of spirits. -Industrie, /. spirit industry, distilling industry, -lack, m. spirit varnish, -lampe, /. spirit lamp, spiritusldslich, a. spirit-soluble. 

Mat r industries use phenolic materials in their manufacturing processes. Phenol is also used in the production of dmgs, weed killers, and synthetic resins. Phenol and its derivatives are present in the wastewaters of industries such as cooking, pulp mills, paint and dyes, wine distilleries, oil and gasoline, synthetic rabber, textiles, pharmaceuticals, solvent, manufacture of pesticides, paper, and wood etc. [1]. 

In the following, a model of an anaerobic digestion process carried out in a continuous fixed bed reactor for the treatment of industrial wine distillery vinasses is considered [10] ... 

The asymptotic observer was tested in an experimental 1 m upflow anaerobic fixed bed reactor pilot plant used for the treatment of industrial wine distillery vinasses obtained from local distilleries in the Narbonne area (France) (see Figure 26). These experimental runs were carried out over a 35 day period. Measurements of the dilution rate as well as the and S2 concentrations and the partial CO2 pressure were performed on-line (see Figures 27 to 30). The measurements of S J, and were obtained from off-line data and... 

Other work has been mainly concerned with the scale-up to pilot plant or full-scale installations. For example, Beltran et al. [225] studied the scale-up of the ozonation of industrial wastewaters from alcohol distilleries and tomato-processing plants. They used kinetic data obtained in small laboratory bubble columns to predict the COD reduction that could be reached during ozonation in a geometrically similar pilot bubble column. In the kinetic model, assumptions were made about the flow characteristics of the gas phase through the column. From the solution of mass balance equations of the main species in the process (ozone in gas and water and pollution characterized by COD) calculated results of COD and ozone concentrations were determined and compared to the corresponding experimental values. 

Industrial applications Nanohltration has the potential to reduce COD and BOD of industrial effluents, especially those from distilleries and textile industry. Simpson et al. [33] reported the use of nanohltration for the removal of hardness and organic impurities from a textile null wastewater. Rejections of the membrane included 29% of conductivity, 33% of sodium, 48% of calcium, 67% of magnesium, and 47% of soluble organic carbon present in the waste stream. 

Industrial pollution from sugar refineries, distilleries, starch manufacturing plants, and a paper plant is only moderate. The taste threshold (Baylis method) varies from 2 to 4 and is occasionally higher. 

Aqueous waste streams with BODs of 5,000 to 20,000, which are essentially nontoxic may be produced by a food processing industry or by a distillery, may be efficiently treated by extended aeration in lagoons, or in deep shaft... 

Before 1945, most of the supply of ethyl alcohol for industrial solvent or feedstock uses was derived from fermentation (Table 16.13). Since this time, the reliability and low cost of petrochemical routes to the product caused a rapid displacement of fermentation sources in the U.S. Since 1975, however, subsidies for fermentation alcohol have changed this. Large new fermentation units have been constructed, and distilleries formerly used for spirits production have been converted to industrial alcohol production [56]. Increased costs of American synthetic ethanol have kept its production at two-thirds of the total. The early petrochemical sources were based on the formation and hydrolysis of ethyl sulfate, but in North America, this has been replaced by the direct gas phase hydration of ethylene (Eqs. 16.18-16.20). 

Blending.—On account of the inherent variability of a product made in relatively small batches like pot still whiskey and the natural fluctuations in the qualities of the raw materials available for patent still whiskey, the practice of blending whiskey of different distillations and different years arose early in the life of the industry, to enable the distiller to market a more uniform product. Later, the custom extended to the blending of the products of different distilleries and of distillates from both pot and patent stills. Still later, and in the United States possibly even more after the repeal of prohibition, the practice of spreading the flavor of an old whiskey over three to five times as much diluted silent spirits was exceedingly common. 

Size of the industry. That the industry was formerly both large and widespread is shown by the fact that in 1901 there were 3,736 distilleries in operation, of which 1,258 used grain and 2,478 used fruit as raw material. 

According to recent data (Dec., 1933) there are registered 6 grain, 2 molasses and 25 fruit distilleries. All but five of the fruit distilleries are operating. In addition there are 43 industrial alcohol plants operating. See Table 27 for complete data. 

Table 27.—Distilleries Registered and Operated and Industrial-Alcohol Plants Operated, Fiscal Years 1901 to 1932, Inclusive...

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