EXPERIMENT 3 Distillation

How serious is the problem and does it appear that the problem can be solved w ith the local resources Most companies have people with distillation experience and there are outside experts available to help solve the problem. 

Part 2. Distillation Experiments. Distillation experiments were performed to determine the fraction of the original mass of bitumen in a calorimetric sample that is available for oxidation at each temperature in the range 155-320°C, to determine the quality of this "fuel" as expressed by the molar ratio of hydrogen to carbon,... 

Performing a simple distillation experiment is every chemist s delight. We gently warm a mixture of liquids, allowing each component to boil off at its own characteristic temperature (the boiling temperature r(boii)). Each gaseous component cools and condenses to allow collection. Purification and separation are thereby effected. 

Pay careful attention to the typeset notes in the margins, as well as the handwritten material. Just for fun, go back and see how much was written for the distillation experiment, and how that is handled in this synthesis (Figs. 5-10). 

Another dehydration product from glycerol is hydroxyacetone, or acetol (Scheme 4). In one study, several catalysts were tested for this reaction. Of the tested catalysts, however, only copper-chromite appeared to be effective for this transformation. Using this catalyst, 80% selectivity towards hydroxyacetone was achieved at 86% conversion in a reactive distillation experiment carried out under a slight vacuum (98 kPa) at 240... 

Apparatus of Sir Humphry Davy. Fig. 1. Retort of plate glass for heating potassium m gases. Fig 2. Platinum tray for receiving the potassium Fig. 3. Platinum tube for receiving the tray m distillation experiments. Fig. 4 Apparatus for taking the voltaic spark m sulfur and phosphorus... 

Other pilot plant activity includes testing of solar stills at an experimental station near Daytona Beach, Fla. At the Bureau of Reclamation Laboratories in Denver, the Office of Saline Water has two electrodialysis units, one built by Ionics, Inc., Cambridge, Mass., and the other by the Central Technical Institute, T.N.O., of the Netherlands. A Japanese electrodialysis unit is on order and will be tested at the Denver Laboratories. Various types of membranes are also being tested at Denver. Distillation experiments are continuing in research facilities located at Wrightsville Beach, N. C. 

Podrebarac GG, Ng FTT, Rempel GL. The production of diacetone alcohol with catalytic distillation. Parti catalytic distillation experiments. Chem Eng Sci 1998 53 1067-1075. 

The intent of this study was to derive rate constants describing uptake and depuration of some forest pesticides using fish (rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri) and an aquatic macrophyte (duckweed, Lemna minor) in laboratory tests. Since some formulations of forest pesticides also contain solvents of petroleum distillates, experiments were also carried out with a hydrocarbon, fluorene, which is a component of fuel oil (16). 

Residue curve (RCM) and distillation curve (DCM) maps are today standard tools for designing distillation systems dealing with nonideal mixtures involving azeotropes. A residue curve characterizes the evolution of the liquid composition in a vessel during a batchwise distillation experiment. The whole compositional space may be spanned by residue curves considering different initial mixture compositions. For nonreactive mixtures the RCM is obtained by solving the component dynamic material balance expressed by the following differential equation ... 

Exchange Distillation. Experiments at Columbia University under the Manhattan project in 1943 (16) as well as independent experiments by a number of independent investigators (17) led to the discovery that the logarithm of the relative volatility of the boron isotopes in addition compounds of Lewis acids—e.g.y BF3 0(CH3)2—is an order of magnitude greater than in the Lewis acid itself. This observation was explained by the hypothesis that the fractionation in the addition compound resulted principally from an exchange reaction. It is well known that addition compounds of the Lewis acid BF3 are partially dissociated in the vapor phase but not in the liquid phase (7). This leads to an exchange reaction of the type... 

The origin of mass-dependent isotopic fractionation in FUN CAIs is commonly (and somewhat casually) assumed to be the result of Rayleigh-type distillation, while the inclusions were molten. It is true that a strong case for distillation has been made in the case of the so-called HAL-type hibonites (see Section 1.08.7), based on trace element and isotopic properties (Lee et al, 1979, 1980 Davis et al, 1982 Ireland et al, 1992 Floss et al, 1996). Such an origin is problematic for other FUN CAIs, however, especially those that are otherwise identical in bulk composition to non-FUN CAIs. Most notably this is true of the FoBs that also happen to have F or FUN properties (Clayton et al, 1984 Davis et al, 1991). These objects are magnesium-rich relative to other CAIs, yet distillation experiments conducted on chondritic starting materials consistently show that... 

B) Fractional Distillation of an Ethanol-Water Mixture. Place the 50 mL of distillate from the simple distillation experiment in a 100-mL round-bottomed flask, add one or two boiling chips, and assemble the apparatus for fractional distillation. Follow the procedure (above) for the fractional distillation of a cyclohexane-toluene mixture. Repeat the ignition test. Is any difference noted ... 

In the simple distillation experiment (2), can you account for the boiling point of your product in terms of the known boiling points of the pure components of your mixture ... 

From the plot of boiling point versus volume of distillate in the simple distillation experiment, what can you conclude about the purity of your product ... 

Pemandez-Pineda, C., Izquierdo-Gil, M.A., and Garcta-Payo, M.C. Gas permeation and direct contact membrane distillation experiments and their analysis using different models, J. Membr. Sci. 198, 33, 2002. 

This book is the product of 40 years of distilled experience teaching quantum theory to juniors, seniors and graduate students. It is intended as a less weighty text for one semester of the physical chemi stry sequence or for a stand-alone course in quantum mechanics for students of chemistry, materials science, molecular biology, earth science and possibly even physics. 

The Soxhlet and distillation experiments were carried out at an elevated temperature. The Soxhlet apparatus consists of an Allyhn condenser, a Soxhlet extraction tube, an extraction thimble for holding the sludge sample, and a 250 mb flask. Approximately 200 mLof hexane was used the extraction medium. A constant water temperature of 348 K was used to vaporize the hexane in the flask. The hexane vapor was condensed, percolated through the sludge sample, and returned to the flask. This process was repeated for 4 hours. The hexane extract in the flask was subsequently analysed for PCB content. 

The distillation experiments were carried out in a flask equipped with a Dean-Stark trap and a reflux condenser. 100 mLof solvent extract was heated to the boiling point of the solvent, and the condenset solvent was captured and analysed for PCB content. These experiments provided an estimate of the extent to with the extract could be concentrated before an organic film is deposited on the flask, or the residue becomes too viscous to flow, or the PCB concentration in the recovered solvent reaches 10 ppb (the lowest detection limit with the electron capture detector used in our chromatographic experiments, see below). 

An organic chemistry professor performed a flash distillation experiment in a laboratory for his students. A 10-kgmol/h liquid feed mixture consisted of 20 mol % ethanol and 80 mol % water at 1 atm. While the professor was able to determine that 30 mol % of the feed vaporized at 70°F, he lacked the necessary equipment to measure the liquid and vapor compositions of the more volatile component, ethanol. Determine the liquid and vapor compositions, as well as the percent ethanol recovery from the flash. Equilibrium data for the ethanol-water system at 1 atm are provided in MTO.l. 

Gorak (1991) conducted a number of distillation experiments with the system acetone(l)-methanol(2)-2-propanol(3)-water(4) in a column of 0.1-m internal diameter and height 0.8 m fitted with Sulzer BX structured packing. The characteristics of Sulzer BX packing are (Bravo et al., 1985). 

The bovine serum albumin crystals were purchased from the Nutritional Biochemicals Corp., Cleveland, Ohio. A solution was prepared by dissolving about 50 mg protein in a 10-ml solution of 0.5% 1-pentanol (Fisher Scientific Co., Fairlawn, N. J. 07410). The oleic acid and decyl alcohol used in the distillation experiments were purchased from the Hormel Institute, Minnesota. The water for the substrate was distilled from a Stokes still and foamed in a 600-ml medium porosity sintered glass funnel. The foam was removed several times by sweeping the surface to remove surface active impurities. 

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