Ocean disposal

Ocean Disposal. Disposal of raw or treated sludge by barging to sea was practiced for many years by some coastal cities, but today is highly controversial, and it appears that this method will be no longer economically feasible. Federal regulations require that sludge be taken to disposal sites about 160 km from the coast, whereas formerly, disposal sites were permitted within 20 km offshore. Transportation costs are expected to be so high that ocean disposal will be discontinued. 

Water Transport Barges, scows, and special boats have been used in the past to transport sohd wastes to processing locations and to seaside and ocean disposal sites, but ocean disposal is no longer practiced by the United States. Although some self-propelled vessels (such as U.S. Navy garbage scows and other special boats) have been used, most common practice is to use vessels towed by tugs or other special boats. 

Ocean disposal Disp>ersal Acids, bases Contact with ocean ecosystem... 

Incineration. If land or ocean disposal is not available for waste sludges, incineration may be used. Reference 5 discusses this technique, including dewatering prior to incineration, since w astewater treating sludge can have more than 99% w ater. 

Ocean disposal of C02 five injection scenarios. (From Butler, J.N., Carbon Dioxide Equilibria and Their Applications, Lewis Publisher, Michigan, 1991. With permission.)... 

Herzog, H. et al., Technology Assessment ofC02 Ocean Disposal, Report 95-001, MIT Energy Laboratory, Cambridge, MA, 1995. 

Greig, R.A., D.R. Wenzloff, A. Adams, B. Nelson, and C. Shelpuk. 1977. Trace metals in organisms from ocean disposal sites of the middle eastern United States. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 6 395-409. 

Reynolds, B.H. 1979. Trace metals monitoring at two ocean disposal sites. U.S. Environ. Protection Agen. Rep. 600/3-79-037. 64 pp. (Avail, from Nat. Tech. Inf. Serv., U.S. Dep. Comm., Springfield, VA 22161). 

Vicinity ocean disposal sites soft parts 4.4 DW 17... 

Pesch, G., B. Reynolds, and P. Rogerson. 1977. Trace metals in scallops from within and around two ocean disposal sites. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 8 224-228. 

Radioactive wastes are usually stored in underground tanks or in temporary storage at reactor sites for recycling or disposal (Whicker and Schultz 1982a). For low-level wastes, containment and isolation are the preferred disposal options, including burial, hydraulic injection into deep geological strata, and ocean disposal (Table 32.10). Options for the disposal of high-level wastes include... 

US EPA/ACE (1991). Evaluation of Dredged Material Proposed for Ocean Disposal - Testing Manual ( Green Book ). EPA/503/8-91/001. 

SC 64-8 Ocean Disposal of Radioactive Waste SC 64-9 Effects of Radiation on Aquatic Organisms SC 64-10 Xenon SC 64-11 Low Level Waste... 

The operation of these four treatment plants generates approximately 260 dry tons/day of sludge. Since November of 1987, the method of ocean disposal of this sludge has ceased. This has left the City with various land disposal options. With these disposal options comes specific pollutant concentrations established by the federal government and which may not be exceeded if this sludge is to be used for alternative uses or disposed of in a sanitary landfill. 

INTERNATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK DEALING WITH OCEAN DISPOSAL OF WASTES INTO THE OCEAN... 

Dane, A. Learning from Disasier, Popular Mechanics, 94 (September 1991). Duedall. I.W. A Brief History of Ocean Disposal. Oceanus, 29 (Summer 1990). Eckenfelder, W.W.. Jr. Industrial Waier Pollmion Control, 3rd Edition. The McGraw-Hill Companies. Inc., New York, NY. 1999. 

Ocean disposal requires that the 1Z9I release rate (by leaching) must be less than the mixing rate of the ocean to insure adequate mixing of the 1Z9I with stable iodine. No thermal stability requirements are seen for this dispersion strategy. 

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