Disposal of liquid

Deep-Well Injection Deep-well injection for the disposal of liquid wastes involves injecting the wastes deep in the ground into permeable rock formation (typically limestone or dolomite) or underground caverns. 

Most refinery process units and equipment are manifolded into a collection unit, called the blowdown system. Blowdown systems provide for the safe handling and disposal of liquids and gases that are either automatically vented from the process units through pressure relief valves, or that are manually drawn from units. Recirculated process streams and cooling water streams are often manually purged to prevent the continued buildup of contaminants in the stream. Part or all of the contents of equipment can also be purged to the blowdown system prior to shutdown before normal or emergency shutdowns. 

Table 1 provides a summary of the safe practices applied to the disposal of liquid hydrocarbon contents from various sources. 

Large amounts of water are used in the copper concentration process, although disposal of liquid wastes is rarely a problem because the vast majority of the water is recycled back into the process. Once the wastewater exits the flotation process it is sent to a sediment control pond where it is held long enough for most of the sediment to settle. 

Source Smith, D.D., Brown, R.P. Deep-Sea Disposal of Liquid and Solid Wastes, Industrial... 

Disulfoton enters the environment primarily during its use as an insecticide/acaricide in crops and vegetables, and in homes and gardens. Other important pathways for disulfoton s entry into the environment are the disposal of liquid disulfoton wastes into soil evaporation pits, ditches, ponds (Winterlin et al. 1989), and hazardous waste sites. Thus, soil is the environmental medium most likely to be contaminated with disulfoton. The processes that may transport disulfoton from soil to other environmental media include leaching to groundwater, runoff to surface water, and absorption by plants (Holden 1986 Mostaghimi et al. 1993 Nash 1974 Plumb 1991 Sanborn et al. 1977 ... 

The primary method for the disposal of liquid pesticide wastes in California in the past has involved soil evaporation pits, ditches, and ponds (Winterlin et al. 1989). A core soil sample taken from one such pit in northern California contained 44 mg/kg disulfoton at a depth of 90 cm (Winterlin et al. 1989). Disulfoton was detected in six of seven bottom soil samples from tail water pits used to collect irrigation runoff in Haskell County, Kansas, in 1974. The maximum and mean concentrations of disulfoton in these samples were 32.7 and 13.42 pg/kg respectively (Kadoum and Mock 1978). At a detection limit of 0.01 mg/kg, disulfoton was not detected in sediment samples collected from Lakes Superior and Huron, including Georgian Bay, in 1974 (Glooschenko et al. 1976). 

Because bromomethane is a gas above 3.6 °C (38 °F), most disposal is by release to the atmosphere (see Section 5.2.1). Disposal of liquid or solid wastes that contain bromomethane is regulated by federal restrictions which apply to hazardous substances (see Chapter 7). 

This chapter deals with the characterization, environmental regulations, and treatment and disposal of liquid wastes generated from the pesticide industry. 

The restrictions on the land disposal of many wastes have increased the cost of hazardous waste disposal. The land disposal restrictions that affect metal fabricators have been in effect for several years. For example, the restrictions on the land disposal of liquid wastes containing toxic metals and/or acids began on January 1,1984 (Section 66905 CCR). These restrictions have caused increases in disposal costs since these wastes now require some form of treatment prior to land disposal. These increased waste disposal costs are viewed as a driving force for the metal finishing industry to implement waste reduction technologies. 

Established Exemption Levels. NRC s radiation protection standards in 10 CFR Part 20 (NRC, 1991) include limits on concentrations or annual releases of radionuclides for unrestricted discharge into sanitary sewer systems, except any excreta from individuals undergoing medical treatment with radioactive material are exempt from the limits. These regulations also include an exemption for land disposal of liquid scintillation materials and animal carcasses that contain 2 kBq g 1 (0.05 pCi g-1) or less of 3H or 14C, although the exempted scintillation materials must be managed in accordance with RCRA requirements due to the presence of toluene. 

Homogeneous reactions using H2S04 and A1C13 in industrial processes give rise to many problems that must be solved, for instance, corrosion of the reaction vessels or reactors and difficulties in treating the acids after reaction because of environmental problems. In particular, the disposal of liquid acid catalysts such as H2S04 requires expensive treatment to make... 

Radioactive waste management involves the treatment, storage, and disposal of liquid, airborne, and solid effluents from the nuclear industry s operations, along with those from other activities that employ the radioactive products. Its strategy involves four approaches limit generation, delay and decay, concentrate and contain, and dilute and disperse. Combinations of all four of these usually are employed to manage each waste stream.39... 

Figure 5. Plastic bottle with absorbent material used for the disposal of liquid...

FIGURE 5.12 Details of an injection installation for deep-well disposal of liquid wastes. 

Waste Disposal In laboratories two types of wastes (i.e. liquid and solid) are often encountered. Arrangements have to be made for disposal of these wastes. For disposal of liquid wastes use of lead pipes or earthen ware pipes is considered most suitable. However care be taken to avoid the flow of solids like pieces of filter paper, cork, broken glass pieces etc. through these pipes, otherwise these pipes get chocked. For disposal of such solid wastes metal boxes or wooden boxes be provided. Such boxes be placed in the comers of the laboratory and students be asked to put all solid wastes in these boxes. Such waste boxes can even be placed under the sinks as shown in Fig. 

Define the terms in the equation I = P R- HT - MR, and explain its applicability to groundwater pollution problems created by the disposal of liquid or solid wastes at the land surface. 

When a country is very sparsely populated, as was the U.S. prior to the Industrial Revolution, the extent of land, water and other natural resources seems infinite. Disposal of liquid and solid wastes in those days wasn t even thought of as pollution . In fact, most of the wastes were organic, and readily absorbed into nature without deleterious effects. With industrialization, and the related growth of urbanization, the volume of wastes grew dramatically, and included large percentages of materials that nature could not degrade and absorb. Some of these materials were health hazards, notably petroleum residues and, more recently, radioactive materials. 

It is known that chemicals reach bodies of water by transportation through soil after generic manmade operations of land disposal of liquids. Examples of this include irrigation with low-quality waters, groundwater recharge operations involving partially treated wastewaters, and excessive fertilization and pesticide practices. 

Dispose of liquids and rinsings only as directed by your supervisor. 

NRC. 2001. Evaluation of Alternative Technologies for Disposal of Liquid Wastes from the Explosive Destruction System. Washington, D.C. National Academy Press. 

Apart from the more exotic approaches to waste disposal that have been mentioned before, shallow burial and sea disposal are widely used. Disposing of liquids into isolated aquifers or exhausted oil lenses has been mentioned as a special technique for tritium waste. 

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