Disposal of Solid Residues

Disposal of the solid residues from the treatment of waste gases is an issue that needs to be addressed, particularly when they contain heavy metals and toxic organic compounds. One possibility is to convert the residues into an alinite cement, composed mainly of calcium silicates and calcium chloride [29.14]. When set, the concrete effectively locks up the toxic components (see also section 28.4.6). 

This chapter and chapters 31 and 32 describe a large number of applications of lime products, most of which represent a small proportion of the total production. Because of the difficulty of categorising many of them, they have been divided between the three chapters in what may appear to be a somewhat arbitrary way. The contents of each chapter are therefore summarised at the start of each chapter (see Table 30.1). 

---

O.Hjelmar. V.Pohjola, M.Reuss and M.Wahstrom, 1986. Land disposal of solid residues from combustion of coal and peat. Final report. MIL-1. Enviromnental Research Report, 1986 1, Nordic Counsel of Ministers, GOteborg. 

Most of the known inputs occur either by direct volatilization to the atmosphere from production and use sites (including land disposal of solid residues), or by discharge in effluents to surface waters. Depending on their relative volatility, individual compounds will either preferentially evaporate to atmosphere, or be rained out back into surface waters. It is possible to calculate a theoretical partition coefficient... 

Landfill methods are considered the most economical and environmentally acceptable way of disposing of solid wastes throughout the world. Even with the implementation of waste reduction, recycling, and transformation technologies, disposal of residual solid waste in landfill will still remain an important component of an integrated solid waste management strategy.4... 

The increasing use of disposable paper towels and wipes in chemical laboratories accentuates the potential fire hazards arising from the disposal of solid oxidising agents or reactive residues into a bin containing such towels or wipes. The partially wet paper, necessarily of high surface area and absorbency, presents favourable conditions for a fire to be initiated and spread. Separate bins for paper towels etc., and chemical residues seem advisable. 

Disposal of solid wastes is a significant problem for the petrochemical industry. Waste solids include water treatment sludge, ashes, fly ash and incinerator residue, plastics, ferrous and nonferrous metals, catalysts, organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, filter cakes, and viscous solids. 

Other plants such as potatoes, cauliflower, cherries, and soybeans and several fungi may also be used as sources of peroxidase enzymes. Soybeans, in particular, may represent a valuable source of peroxidase because the enzyme is found in the seed coat, which is a waste product from soybean-based industries [90]. In this case, it may be possible to use the solid waste from the soybean industry to treat the wastewaters of various chemical industries. In fact, the direct use of raw soybean hulls to accomplish the removal of phenol and 2-chlorophenol has been demonstrated [105]. However, it should be noted that this type of approach would result in an increase in the amount of solid residues that must be disposed following treatment. Peroxidases extracted from tomato and water hyacinth plants were also used to polymerize phenolic substrates [106], Actual plant roots were also used for in vivo experiments of pollutant removal. The peroxidases studied accomplished good removal of the test substrate guaiacol and the plant roots precipitated the phenolic pollutants at the roots surface. It was suggested that plant roots be used as natural immobilized enzyme systems to remove phenolic compounds from aquatic systems and soils. The direct use of plant material as an enzyme source represents a very interesting alternative to the use of purified enzymes due to its potentially lower cost. However, further studies are needed to confirm the feasibility of such a process. 

Promote a natiomd research and development program for improved iiumagement techniques, more effective organizational arrangements, and new and improved methods of collection, separation, recovery, and recycling of solid wastes, and die enviromnentally safe disposal of iionrecoverable residues... 

At the same time, there can be concerns about the disposal of organotin residues, and of traces of toxic organotin residues remaining in the products, and fluorous, polymer-bound, and solid-supported organotin compounds are being increasingly used to avoid the problem. 

In connection with the problems arising from the disposal of solid wastes, particularly of dredged materials, extraction sequences have been applied which are designed to differentiate between the exchangeable, carbonatic, reducible (hydrous Fe/Mn oxides), oxidizable (sulfides and organic phases) and residual fractions (Engler et al., 1977). One of the more widely applied extraction sequences of Tessier and coworkers (1979) has been modified by various authors a version of Ker-sten Forstner (1986) differentiates easily and moderately reducible components (Table 3-4). 

Additionally, the Council for Solid Waste Solutions has established a program to coordinate efforts for the recycling of durable plastic goods. The program will initially examine the technical aspects of durable goods recycling with emphasis on the disposal of automobile residue. 

Catalysts play an important role in the synthesis of fuels and chemicals as well as on the reaction systems hence, the catalytic cracking of polyolefins over solid acids needs to be explored. In this method a suitable catalyst is used to carry out the cracking reaction. The addition of a catalyst enhances the conversion and fuel quality, and lowers the reaction temperature and time. Reuse of catalysts and the use of effective catalysts in lesser quantities can optimise this option. It also enables an increased level of the cracking of plastics and a lower concentration of solid residue in the product. The cost should be further reduced to make the process more attractive from an economic perspective in order to solve the acute environmental problem of plastic waste disposal [2]. 

Segregated disposal of residues, empty sacks, containers, liquid effluents, solid wastes, floor-washes etc. 

In the United States about 3 percent of all electricity produced comes from renewable sources of this a little more than half comes from biomass. Most biomass energy generation comes from the lumber and paper industries from their conversion of mill residues to in-house energy. Municipal solid waste also is an important fuel for electricity production approximately 16 percent ot all municipal solid waste is disposed of by combustion. Converting industrial and municipal waste into bioenergy also decreases the necessity for landfdl space. 

The submitters recommend collection of solid wastes in an appropriate solid waste container, and liquid wastes (filtrates containing thallium residues, etc.) in suitably labeled bottles or cans. For the disposal of thallium wastes, a commercial organization specializing in the disposal of toxic materials was employed. The submitters understand that the disposal procedure consists of burying thallium wastes in deep pits after covering with sand. 

According to EPA (1974), pesticides such as endosulfan should be destroyed at high temperature in an approved incinerator with a hydrochloric acid scrubber, if available. Any sludges or solid residues generated from this process are to be disposed of in a manner approved by all applicable federal, state, and local pollution control requirements. EPA strongly recommends that if incineration of excess pesticides is not possible, organic pesticides should be buried in a designated landfill site. 

---