Dispersion of waxes

Traditionally, oil-based products have been used in the pulp mill as well as the paper mill. The oil-based defoamers can be generally described as dispersions of waxes and/or silicas in oil containing dispersants, emulsifiers, and other k r components that modify the surface activity of either the products or the process liquors in which they may function. 

Liquid water emulsion wax Dispersion of wax and other modifying materials in water. 

Chem. Descrip. Dispersion of wax in mineral oil CAS 8012-95-1 EINECS/ELINCS 232-384-2 Uses Defoamer in aq, alkyd emulsion archtectural topcoats Features Provides rapid bubble breaking in applied wet films silicone-free APW free... 

Waxes. These are dispersions of polyethylenes, Fischer-Tropsh, Teflon, or vegetable waxes (qv) in a vehicle or solvent. They impart sHp and scuff resistance to ink films. Polyolefin waxes and Teflon are also available as powders that can be directly mixed into inks. 

Paraffin wax vapor barriers are used in water rinse removers that can disperse the wax without coating the substrate. In soak tank applications, water is sometimes doated on top of an ad-solvent, neutral pH, nonwater rinse remover to prevent evaporation. Flotation devices that cover the exposed surface area may be used with other formulas. 

Finish removers are manufactured in open or closed ketdes. Closed ketdes are preferred because they prevent solvent loss and exposure to personnel. To reduce air emissions from the solvents, condensers are employed on vent stacks. Mild steel or black iron ketdes are used for neutral or basic removers stainless steel (316 or 317) or reinforced polyethylene ketdes are used for acidic removers. The ketdes are heated to increase dispersion of paraffin waxes and aid in the mixing of other ingredients. Electric or air driven motors drive either sweeping blade or propeller mixers that give sufficient lift to rotate and mix the Hquid. Dispenser-type mixers are used to manufacture thick and viscous removers. Ketde, fittings, mixer, and fill equipment must be fabricated with materials resistant to the chemicals in remover formulas. 

Several types of wax and wax—metal emulsions are water repeUents (30,31). Among these are wax dispersions without metal salts and wax dispersions containing aluminum or zirconium salts. The products that do not contain metal salts are anionic emulsions of wax, used alone or in combination with durable-press resins. Specific compositions are proprietary. Their chief use is on nylon, polyester, and acetate fabrics. 

Silver vapor cocondensed with matrices of HjO or paraffin wax (C22H4 ) at 12 K gives mainly an atomic dispersion of Ag. However when these Ag atom matrices are warmed briefly (to 77 K for HjO and up to 80 K for C22H46), thermal diffusion takes place with aggregation of the Ag atoms into small clusters of up to Ag4. These thermal aggregation methods can be used to prepare small clusters, but a mixture of metal polymers is usually obtained. 

Tsou and Measmer examined the dispersion of organosUicates on two different butyl mbbers, namely BIMS and brominated poly(isobutylene-co-isoprene) (BIIR) with the help of small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and TEM [91]. There is also a patent on BIMS nanocomposites for low permeability and their uses in tire inner tubes [92]. 

Aid in the uniform dispersion of additives. Make powdered solids (e.g. particulate fillers with high energy and hydrophilic surface) more compatible with polymers by coating their surfaces with an adsorbed layer of surfactant in the form of a dispersant. Surface coating reduces the surface energy of fillers, reduces polymer/filler interaction and assists dispersion. Filler coatings increase compound cost. Fatty acids, metal soaps, waxes and fatty alcohols are used as dispersants commonly in concentrations from 2 to 5 wt %. 

CaO, calcium oxide, which combines with water to give slaked lime. A dispersion of quicklime in oil or in wax is now available for use in absorbing moisture and thus reducing porosity in vulcanisates especially those cured by a fluidised bed or in a molten salt bath. 

To ensure good dispersion of the pigments in a preparation and subsequently good distribution in the end product, it is necessary to increase the flowability of the preparation above that of the plastic being colored. This is achieved by using a carrier material with a low molecular weight (wax), a copolymer or increased plasticizer content. 

In addition to refining techniques, compounds identified as wax crystal modifiers are available for use in contending with the effects of wax in fuels. Wax crystal modifiers, also called pour point depressants or cold flow improvers, are typically polymeric compounds which have the ability to crystallize with fuel wax as it forms. By co-crystallizing with wax, the modifiers typically effect a change in the size, shape, and conformation of wax crystals. Other wax crystal modifiers function by dispersing or inhibiting the nucleation or growth of wax crystals within a fuel or oil. 

Certain cloud point improvers function by effectively inhibiting the nucleation of wax crystals. This can be accomplished by dispersion of the wax, thus interfering with nucleation. By functioning as an effective dispersant, certain cloud point improvers can help to solubilize water into fuel to give the fuel a cloudy, hazy appearance. As little as 200 ppm of a cloud point improver can create an opaque, relatively stable haze in treated distillate fuel. 

Materials that form a permeable membrane include fats, bee wax, carnauba wax, cetyl alcohol, cetylsteryl alcohol, zein, acrylic esters, silicone elastomers, and ethylcellulose (14). Aqueous dispersions of water-insoluble polymers are commonly used for sustained-release film coatings. Examples of commercially available aqueous polymer dispersions include Surelease-containing ethylcellulose, Aquacoat-containing... 

It was determined that complete coverage was not achieved until approximately 10% wax was present. Sensitivity tests results indicated that neither the wax nor the coating method used had a significant effect, provided the coating method leads to good dispersion of the wax thruout the high expl... 

The greatest difficulty in the development of the D-2 Compn was in finding a suitable wax which would be readily dispersed in the molten TNT and still not exude from the solidified cast when subjected to 60° for prolonged periods. It was found that only one wax fulfilled all the conditions. This wax was designated as Stano-lind l70-5.r However, it was learned that a number of wax blends (referred to as synthetic ) could be used very satisfactorily. M of these were blends of tank-bottom waxes (microcrystalline), which are normally considered to have too high melting points (82—87°C), with lower melting waxes... 

Defoaming agents are in three principal categories, but sometimes are used in combination II) surfactants made soluble. (2) dispersions of hard panicles, and f3) dispersions of soft panicles. The fatty acid-fatty alcohol combination in hydrocarbon oil is an example of a solubilized surfactant defoaming formulation Paraffinic waxes and laity amides may be used in soft-particle formulations. The most common of the hard-particle formulations is silica or a mineral coated with silicone dispersed in a vehicle. A particle size as small as 0.1X2 micrometer may be optimal. 

Lipstick and lip balms are usually concentrated suspensions of solid oils in a liquid oil, or in a mixture of liquid oils. The dispersed phase, about 60 mass%, comprises oils and/or wax that are solid at room temperature. The continuous phase, about 40 mass%, comprises an oil, or mixture of oils, that is liquid at room temperature. These products are formulated at relatively high temperature, where they are liquid, and are then cooled to allow a significant yield stress to develop. Lipsticks and lip balms contain a variety of waxes, oils, pigments, and emollients, including ... 

A dispersion of graphite in ceresin wax has been suggested as a way to prepare an electrode suitable for use in nonaqueous solvents. The hot paste is tamped into a Teflon tube and allowed to solidify. No pretreatment is necessary, and the surface can be renewed by wiping with cellulose tissue. 

The purely mechanical dispersion of the agglomerates can be assisted by the addition of dispersion aids (e.g., amide, polypropylene or polyethylene waxes, metal carboxilates, organic fatty acids and their esters), which wet the particle surfaces, thus reducing the interaction between them (see Fig. 4.14 and Chapter 9) [19]. This significantly lowers the shear stresses required to disperse the agglomerates. 

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