Zirconium salts

Early waterproofing treatments consisted of coatings of a continuous layer impenetrable by water. Later water-repellent fabrics permitted air and moisture passage to improve the comfort of the wearer. Aluminum and zirconium salts of fatty acids, siUcone polymers, and perfluoro compounds are apphed to synthetic as well as natural fibers. An increase in the contact angle of water on the surface of the fiber results in an increase in water repeUency. Hydrophobic fibers exhibit higher contact angles than ceUulosics but may stiU require a finish (142). 

Several types of wax and wax—metal emulsions are water repeUents (30,31). Among these are wax dispersions without metal salts and wax dispersions containing aluminum or zirconium salts. The products that do not contain metal salts are anionic emulsions of wax, used alone or in combination with durable-press resins. Specific compositions are proprietary. Their chief use is on nylon, polyester, and acetate fabrics. 

Zirconia prepared by the thermal decomposition of zirconium salts is often metastable tetragonal, or metastable cubic, and reverts to the stable monoclinic form upon heating to 800°C. These metastable forms apparently occur because of the presence of other ions during the hydrolysis of the zirconium their stabiUty has been ascribed both to crystaUite size and surface energy (152—153) as well as strain energy and the formation of domains (154). 

On the other hand, the provision of vast numbers of minute nuclei assists the phosphate coating reaction to start at a multitude of centres, resulting in a finely crystalline coating. This effect can be obtained chemically by a predip in a solution of sodium phosphate containing minutely dispersed traces of titanium or zirconium salts or in weak solution of oxalic acid. This type of pre-dip entirely eliminates any coarsening effect due to previous treatment in strong alkalis or acids. 

The chemistry of aqueous solutions of zirconium salts (does the zirconyl ion exist ). A. S. Solovkin and S. V. Tsvetkova, Russ. Chem. Rev. (Engl. Transl), 1962,31, 655-669 (161). 

Solutions of this reagent are destabilised by the presence of thorium ions. If a working temperature of 10-15°C is much exceeded, the risk of decomposition, not slowed by cooling and accelerating to explosion, exists. Titanium and zirconium salts also cause slight destabilisation, but decomposition temperatures are then 35 and 40°C, respectively. 

Ruer, R. 1904. Zirconium salts. Constitution of normal zirconium salts. Z. Anorg. Chem. 42 87-99. 

Ikarashi, Y., J. Momma, T. Tsuchiya, and A. Nakamura. 1996. Evaluation of skin sensitization potential of nickel, chromium, titanium and zirconium salts using guinea-pigs and mice. Biomaterials 17 2103-2108. 

By and large, a hnely divided precipitate of a metal is a very effective one-electron reducer. For example, a hnely divided precipitate of Zr(0) was obtained on mixing naphthalene sodium derivative in THF with ZrCl4. The Zr(0) precipitate dissolved on addition of anthracene or benzophenone to form the corresponding zirconium salts of the anion-radicals (Terekhova et al. 1996). 

Toxicology. Zirconium compounds are of low toxicity, although granulomas have been produced by repeated topical applications of zirconium salts to human skin. 

Zirconium hydride precipitates on adding sodium hydroxide solution to an aqueous solution of zirconium salt ... 

Reacitons with mineral acids followed hy crystaUization forms corresponding zirconium salts. Thus hydrochloric, sulfuric, and phosphoric acids yield chloride, sulfate and phosphate of zirconium respectively. 

Zirconium nitrate is used as a preservative, as an analytical standard for zirconium, and in making zirconium salts... 

Also, the compound can be made by fusion of Si02 and Zr02 in an arc furnace, or by reacting a zirconium salt with sodium silicate in aqueous solution. 

Ammino-derivatives op Subgroup A—Derivatives of Titanium Kilts, Zirconium Salts, Cerium, and Thorium Halides. 

For second-order NLO applications, the films need to be noncentrosymmetric. 4-Di(2-hydroxyeth l)amino-4,-azobenzenephosphonate was used to form SAMs on zirconium-treated phosphorylated surfaces. Further reaction with POCl3 and hydrolysis created a new phosphorylated surface that could be treated with zirconium salt (341—343). The principal advantage of the phosphate systems is high thermal stability, simple preparation, and the variety of substrates that can be used. The latter is especially important if transparent substrates are required. Thiolate monolayers are not transparent, and alkyltrichlorosilanes have a serious stability disadvantage. 

Zirconium Thioarsenate is obtained as a lemon-yellow precipitate when sodium orthothioarsenate is added to a solution of a zirconium salt.2... 

Fuel oils -coking of [FUELS, SYNTHETIC - GASEOUS FUELS] (Vol 12) -from crude oil [PETROLEUM - NOMENCLATURE IN THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY] (Vol 18) -fuel for incinerators [INCINERATORS] (Vol 14) -zirconium salts of sulfonic acids for [SULFONIC ACIDS] (Vol 23)... 

Figure 6.7. Multilayer formation by chemisorption using a zirconium salt according to [392]. The substrate is a silicon wafer. The successive processes are as follows. (1) Treatment of the substrate with a warm aqueous solution of a silanol. (2) After washing with water, the surface is exposed to a 5 dim aqueous solution of ZrOCI2 and then washed. (3) Treatment by a 1.25 mM aqueous solution of 1,10-decane-Ws-phosphonic acid.

T. Curtius and A. Darapsky prepared a basic salt, lanthanum hydroxyazide, La(0H)(N3)2l H20, by boiling a soln. of lanthanum nitrate and sodium azide. The white, slimy mass of basic lanthanum azide is obtained by evaporating the mixed soln. in vacuo, or by treatment of the soln. with a mixture of alcohol and ether. They also made rose-coloured didymium hydroxyazide, Dy(OH)(N3)2, by evaporating a soln. of didymium carbonate in hydrazoic acid. Freshly precipitated yttrium hydroxide dissolves in hydrazoic acid, forming a soluble yttrium hydroxyazide boiling a soln. of yttrium sulphate and sodium azide gives a precipitate of yttrium hydroxide. L. M. Dennis found that zirconium hydroxide is precipitated when a soln. of zirconium salt is treated with potassium azide. 

The ZEALEX Process Researchers from KRI have shown that the zirconium salt of dibutyl phosphoric acid (ZS-HDBP) was soluble in Isopar-L in the presence of 30% TBP. This super PUREX solvent, known as ZEALEX, extracts actinides (Np-Am) together with lanthanides and other fission products, such as Ba, Cs, Fe, Mo, and Sr from nitric acid solutions. The extraction yields depend on both the molar ratio between Zr and HDBP in the 30% TBP/Isopar-L mixture and the concentration of HN03 (232). Trivalent transplutonium and lanthanide elements can be stripped together from the loaded ZEALEX solvent by a complexing solution, mixing ammonium carbonate, (NH4)2C03, and ethylenediamine-N.N.N. N -tetraacetic acid (EDTA). An optimized version of the process should allow the separation of... 

Fedorov, Y.S., Zilberman, B.Y., Shmidt, O.V. 2008. Liquid HLW processing using zirconium salt of dibutylphosphoric acid. ATALANTE 2008 Nuclear Fuel Cycles for a Sustainable Future, May, Montpellier, France. 

Zilberman, B.Y., Fedorov, Y.S., Shmidt, O.V., Goletskiy, N.D., Shiskin, D.N., Esymantovskiy, V.M., Rodionov, S.A., Egorova, O.N., Palenik, Y.V. 2007. Usage of dibutyl phosphoric acid and its zirconium salt for extraction of transplutonium elements and rare earths with their partitioning. Global 2007 Advanced Nuclear Fuel Cycles and Systems, September, Boise, ID. 

Shishkin, D.N., Galkin, B.Ya.,Fedorov,Yu.S.,Zilberman, B.Ya.,Shmidt,O.V.Partitioning of high-level waste with an extractant based on chlorinated cobalt dicarbollide and dibu-tylphosphoric acid zirconium salt. Radiochemistry (2003), 45 (6), 577-580. 

Shmidt, O.V., Zilberman, B.Ya., Fedorov, Yu.S., Suglobov, D.N., Puzikov, V.A., Mashkov, L.G., Palenik, Yu.V., Glekov, R.G. Extraction properties of dibutylphosphoric acid zirconium salt in recovery of transplutonium and rare-earth elements from nitric acid solution. Radiokhimiya (2002), 44 (5), 428 133. 

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