Disease studies

The cultivation of viruses from material taken from lesions is an important step in the diagnosis of many viral diseases. Studies of the basic biology and multiplication processes of human viruses also require that they are grown in the laboratory under experimental conditions. Human pathogenic viruses can be propagated in three types of cell systems. 

Wandall, J.H. and Binder, V. (1982a). Leucocyte function in Crohn s disease. Studies on mobilisation using a quantitative skin window technique and on the function of circulating polymorphonuclear leucocytes in vitro. Gut 23, 173-180. 

Amar, C. F., East, C. L., Gray, ]., Iturriza-Gomara, M., Maclure, E. A., and McLauchlin, J. (2007). Detection by PCR of eight groups of enteric pathogens in 4,627 faecal samples Reexamination of the English case-control Infectious Intestinal Disease Study (1993-1996). Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 26,311-323. 

MDRD, per the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study. 

There are no approved pharmacologic treatments for atrophic AMD. The Age-Related Eye Disease Study showed that a supplement containing ascorbic acid 500 mg, vitamin E 400 IU, beta carotene 15 mg, zinc oxide 80 mg, and cupric oxide 2 mg reduced the rate of clinical progression of all types of AMD by 28% in patients with at least intermediate macular degeneration. No benefit was seen in patients with earlier stages of age-related maculopathy however, the duration of the study may have been insufficient to detect this benefit.25... 

MDRD Formula for Estimating Glomerular Filtration Rate (from the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study)3... 

Levey AS, Bosch JP, Lewis JB, et al. A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine A new prediction equation. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. Ann Intern Med 1999 130 461 470. 

Bullough, B., Hindi-Alexander, M., Fetopuh, S., Methylxanthines and fibrocystic breast disease study of correlations, Nurse Pract, 15, 43, 1990. 

C. J. L. Murray and A. D. Lopez, Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause, 1990-2020 global burden of disease study, Lancet, 349,1498 (1997). 

CA 15-3 serum tumor marker is intended to detect disease recurrence in stage II and stage III breast cancer patients. It has been reported that CA 15-3, together with other suitable markers, is preferred in measuring the effect of applied hormonal therapy or chemotherapy in metastatic disease. Studies have indicated that CA 15-3 assay values are frequently elevated in patients with breast cancer. These... 

Snodderly, D. M. et al. (2004). Macular pigment measurements by heterochromatic flicker photometry in older subjects The carotenoids and age-related eye disease study. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 45 531-538. 

Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group (2007), The relationship of dietary carotenoid and vitamin A, E, and C intake with age-related macular degeneration in a case-control study, AREDS Report No. 22, Arch. Ophthalmol. 125 1225-1232. 

AREDS Research Group (1999). The age-related eye disease study (AREDS) Design implications, AREDS Report No. 1. Contr. Clin. Trials 20 573-600. 

Mares, J. A., T. L. LaRowe et al. (2006). Predictors of optical density of lutein and zeaxanthin in retinas of older women in the carotenoids in age-related eye disease study, an ancillary study of the women s health initiative. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 84(5) 1107-1122. 

LaRowe, TL, Mares, JA, Snodderly, DM, Klein, ML, Wooten, BR, and Chappell, R, 2008. Macular pigment density and age-related maculopathy in the Carotenoids in Age-Related Eye Disease Study. An ancillary study of the women s health initiative. Ophthalmology 115, 876-883 e871. 

Moeller, SM, Parekh, N, Tinker, L, Ritenbaugh, C, Blodi, B, Wallace, RB, and Mares, JA, 2006. Associations between intermediate age-related macular degeneration and lutein and zeaxanthin in the Carotenoids in Age-related Eye Disease Study (CAREDS) Ancillary study of the Women s Health Initiative. Arch... 

In the case of drug response data, however, the phenotypes of interest will normally be quantitative as opposed to the discrete case-control distinction that has often been used in disease studies. For example, severity of side effects and efficacy can often be assessed quantitatively. 

Global burden of disease study - BD ist one of the leading causes of disability worldwide... 

Murray CJ. Global mortality, disability, and the contribution of risk factors Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet 1997 349 1436-1442. 

Ursing B, Aim T, Barany F, Bergelin I, Ganrot-Norlin K, Hoevels J, Huitfeldt B, Jarnerot G, Krause U, Krook A, Lindstrom B, Nordle O, Rosen A A comparative study of metronidazole and sulfasalazine for active Crohn s disease The cooperative Crohn s disease study in Sweden. II. Result. Gastroenterology I982 83 550-562. 

Papi C, Ciacco A, Koch M, Capurso L Efficacy of rifaximin on symptoms of uncomplicated diverticular disease of the colon. A pilot multicentre open trial. Diverticular Disease Study Group. Ital J Gastroenterol 1992,24 452—456. 

Infectious disease studies are normally conducted over a short time, providing only snapshots and do not provide information on the consequence of chronic immunosuppression. The adverse health effects of chronic, low level immunosuppression have been addressed to some extent in transplant patients, primarily kidney transplants, who demonstrate an increase frequency of certain immunogenic tumors. 

The recent Burden of Skin Disease study, a joint project of the American Academy of Dermatology Association and the Society of Investigative Dermatology, found that the third most common skin ailment was contact dermatitis. According to this study, 72 million Americans had contact dermatitis in 2004 which resulted in 1.4 billion in direct costs and almost 500 million in indirect costs due to lost productivity.83 A review of 1993 BLS data showed that of 60,200 cases of occupational skin diseases, 12,613 (21%) resulted in one or more days away from work.70 The mean time away from work was 3 days, but 17% lost workday cases had over 11 days away from work. Of those with days away from work, 70% had a diagnosis of dermatitis. In 2001, of the 38,900 skin disease cases, 6,051 (16%) resulted in days away from work, with a median of 3 days lost.68 Of these, 78% had dermatitis. A study of 235 Canadian workers with oc-... 

Howlett WP, Brubaker GR, Mlingi N, et al. 1990. Konzo, an epidemic upper motor neuron disease studied in Tanzania. Brain 113 223-235. 

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