Cardiovascular disease prospective cohort studies

A modest but not significant inverse correlation between the intake of flavonols and flavones and subsequent mortality rates was found in a prospective cohort study of US Health Professionals by Rimm et al [206]. The authors do not exclude that flavonoids have a protective effect in men with established coronary heart disease although strong evidence was missing. Also other studies failed to demonstrate a significant statistical association between the intake of polyphenols and CHD. In Great Britain for instance coronary and total mortality even rose with the intake of the major flavonol source, tea [207], The most likely explanation for the latter observation is that in this study tea consumption merely acted as a marker for a lifestyle that favours the development of cardiovascular disease. Indeed, men with the highest intake of tea and flavonols tended to be manual workers, and they smoked more and ate more fat [208],... 

Siri-Tarino, P. W., Sun, Q., Hu, F. B., and Krauss, R. M. (2010). Meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies evaluating the association of saturated fat with cardiovascular disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 91, 535-546. 

Pancreas Case reports and pharmacoepidemiological studies have provided evidence that statins may cause pancreatitis. However, data from the SHARP study, a placebo-controlled study of the effects of a combination of simvastatin and ezetimibe on cardiovascular events in patients with chronic kidney disease, showed a reduction in the number of cases of pancreatitis [75] [40 -]. Recent prospective cohort study with 1062 subjects of whom 92 were taking statins found severe pancreatitis was more common in the statin nonuser than statin user. Pancreatitis-related mortality was higher in the statin nonuser, and among patients who developed severe acute pancreatitis, statin users showed lower Ranson s and APACHE II scores and lower maximal CRP, suggesting that prior statin treatment reduced morbidity and mortality in acute pancreatitis [76]. 

The committee identified one study of an important and specific clinical outcome—incident ischemic heart disease—and four studies of cardiovascular mortality. Jain et al. (2007) examined the association between bone lead and incidence of ischemic heart disease (myocardial irrfarction or angina pectoris) in a prospective cohort of veterans in the Boston, Massachirsetts, area (Normative Aging Study 83 cases and 754 noncases) with 10 years of followup. The mean (SD) concentrations of baseline BLL, patella lead, arrd tibia lead were 7.0 (3.8) pg/dL, 36.8 (20.8) pg/g, and 24.2 (15.9) pg/g in cases arrd 6.2 (4.3) pg/dL, 30.6 (19.7) pg/g, and 21.4 (13.6) pg/g in noncases, respectively. SD increases in BLL and patella lead were significantly associated with a 27% (95% Cl of hazard ratio [HR] 1.01, 1.59) and a 29% (95% Cl of HR 1.02, 1.62) increased risk of ischemic heart disease. Compared with srrbjects who had BLLs under 5 pg/dL, those who had BLLs of 5 pg/dL or higher had an HR of 1.73 (95% Cl 1.05, 2.87). Weisskopf et al. (2009) conducted a strrvival analysis of mortality in the same cohort (an average of 8.9 years of followup) and found that men in the highest tertile of patella lead had HRs of 2.52 (95% Cl 1.17, 5.41) for all causes, 5.63 (95% Cl 1.73, 18.3) for cardiovascular disease, and 8.37 (95% Cl 1.29, 54.4) for ischemic heart disease. Baseline BLLs were not associated with cardiovascular mortality. 

The evaluation of the level of adherence to the MeD in an Itahan Mediterranean region was also evaluated through the Moli-sani Project conducted at the Catholic University of Campobasso. The Moli-sani Project is a prospective, population-based cohort study that in the period 2005—2010 recruited 25,000 citizens from the southern Itahan region of Molise with the aim of investigating the importance of genehc—environment interactions to the onset of cardiovascular and tumor diseases, the two major killers affecting Western sodeties. ... 

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