Direct risks

Glass-reinforced aluminum foil with either a bright polished or white lacquer surface is utilized with most types of insulant. Primarily it is used as a vapor control layer or as a means of upgrading the fire properties of plastic foams, but it does give a semi-decorative finish to the insulation. It is therefore often use where the insulation is open to view but located away from direct risk of mechanical damage. 

During the last three decades an increasing awareness is observed into the environmental problems caused by human activities22. These environmental problems are a direct risk for human health and the human survival potential. To challenge these problems, human activities, in particular agricultural and industrial production processes, industrial products, and transport, but also the individual way of living have to be made more sustainable. Sustainability does not only focus on the environment. It also involves economic aspects and aspects dealing with implementation. Implementation includes in this respect education, acceptance, human involvement into the application, and incorporation into the human mind. 

What are the direct risks of making or using this product ... 

When used commercially, 2,4-D has produced serious eye and skin irritation among agricultural workers. The direct risks of the chemical to humans makes it an ERA toxicity class Ill-slightly toxic when ingested orally, but toxicity class I-highly toxic, for eye exposure. Immediate, direct, acute, and high-level exposure can injure liver, kidney, muscle, and brain tissues. ... 

Potential water well contamination involves geologic considerations but sites near public or private drinking water supplies are treated separately due to the potential direct risks involved. 

Toluene and o-anisidine would also require target-setting to reduce general environmental risks, but restrictions would need to be applied for controlling direct risks from consumer products. 

Carrying out LCA on substances for regulatory decision-making will usually not be necessary. If direct risks to the environment or human health are imminent and high for a specific substance, then regulatory control measures will be necessary regardless of overall impacts. Lor instance, indirect contributions to eutrophication, acidification,... 

CENTRALLY ACTING ANTI HYPERTENSIVES SYMPATHOMIMETICS-DIRECT Risk of t BP when donidine is given with epinephrine or norepinephrine Additive effect donidine use associated with t circulating catecholamines Monitor BP at least weekly until stable... 

Direct risk, defined as the probability of an accident (or other risk-related event) times the magnitude of the consequences. 

Martins et al. (2002) investigated the natural co-occurrence of patulin and citrinin on 351 samples of seven apple varieties. The percentage of samples contaminated with patulin only was 68.6%, whereas contamination with citrinin only was 3.9%. Co-occurrence of both mycotoxins occurred in 19.6% of the samples. The maximum mean patulin concentration was 80.5 mg/kg for Richared variety, and the maximum mean citrinin concentration was 0.92 mg/kg for Rome beauty variety. Because the ratio of weight of the rotten area to the total weight was about one-third, a direct risk for myco-toxin ingestion for consumers seems unlikely. Apples with such a high... 

Greece Act 1568/85 on Health and Safety at Work Presidential Decree 17/1996 Act 1568/85(Ch ter V, Article 24, Definitions) P.D.307/86 P.D.77/93 P.D. 77/1993 P.D.338/2001 transcribed almost verbatim the Directive 98/94/EC on the protection of the health and safety jfrom the risks related to chemical agents at work (14th individual Directive) risks related to carcinogenic agents at work P.D.399/94 and P.D. 127/2000 have adopted 2004/37/EC and 97/42/EC Directives. P.D.90/99 transcribed 91/322 EEC and 96/94 EC Directives on establishing a first and a second list of indicative limit values P.D.339/2001 was issued in accordance with the 2000 9 EC Directive. http //www.osh.gr/workcond http //www.osh.gr/Kyae http //elinyae.gr... 

In luly 1980, the European Commission issued a Directive (80/778/EEC), setting a MAC for individual pesticides in drinking water of 0.1 gg/1, and a cocktail standard of 0.5 gg/l for the total concentration of all pesticides. States failing to meet the conditions of the Directive risk condemnation hy the European Court of Justice, and imposition of penalty payments (see Faure, 1994). Eor example, in Italy, concentrations of atrazine, a herbicide used in maize cultivation, reached this level in 1984 in 1989,11 wells in the Veneto region recorded atrazine levels of over 1 gg/l (seeZanin etal., 1991). Local restrictions in 1986 against contaminated drinking water supplies had little effect, and a nationwide han on the sale and use of atrazine was imposed in 1990. ... 

Direct risks pertain to calamities occurring immediately during the execution of an activity, for example, as a consequence of neglect or inattentive behavior and/or actions. 

Assessment, Failure Effect 3. This failure effect is also assessed as noncritical since there will be no direct risk of hazard to personnel or equipment. 

The safety issues associated with GMO process-based biotechnology have resulted in a formalised set of regulations. In the UK, the Contained Use (1992) Regulations have implemented the EC Contained Use Directives. Risk assessment is a key requirement of the GMO regulations. For contained use, the emphasis historically has been on human health and safety but environmental considerations have gained increasing significance. 

The environmental burden caused by medicine use is a subject of increasing research. For now, humans seem to run no direct risk. Nevertheless, humans may run an indirect risk by harming the environment. In the short term, hope is placed upon innovations in the field of waste water treatment, and on the contribution of the patient by returning unused medicines to the pharmacy. The development of green medicines , which do not cause harm to the environment, and a responsible use and management of those medicines (green pharmacy) is the ultimate goal. 

This strategy has the advantage that it leads to direct risk reduction at comparatively low cost—even if the risk is possibly already below an admissible boundary value. The problem, however, of defining the benefits and costs entered into the analysis cannot be solved without arbitrariness. On the other hand, the attempt which may be necessary under certain circumstances to express the loss due to fatal accident in terms of money [9-29], [9-30], with its uninhibited calculating character ( Dollar per fatality ) may not be a means toward stimulation of public acceptance. 

Work occupies approximatefy half an employed adult s waking life and mrrst be expected to influenee his or her health, primarily through industrial hazards, injury and stress-related illnesses. These direct risks encourrteted in the work environment are the traditional province of the occupational health and safety services. However, it is also clear that the health people bring to work influences their ability to function. The relationship between work and health indieates that marty factors contribute to the health of an individual. 

We have indicated above that regulation is about rule making and ensuring that parties comply with the rules. We can represent this process as one of problem solving - see figure 2 (Hale et al 1997). Indeed all three levels of direct risk control, safety management and regulation can be usefully seen in this way. 

Execution level (Direct risk control) the daily activities in the full range of life cycle phases of oil and gas, from exploration and extraction, through production and maintenance, to abandonment. This is the level of direct control of risks and encompasses all of the hardware and human actions to keep risks under control. 

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