Direct covers

The scope of the directive covers the design, manufacture and conformity assessment of pressure equipment and assemblies with a maximum allowable pressure greater than 0,5 bar. A pressure equipment in the sense of the directive is any vessel, piping, safety accessory or pressure accessory. An assembly means several pieces of pressure equipment assembled by a manufacturer to constitute an integrated and functional whole. It is important to be aware that the directive relates exclusively to the pressure risk and that therefore other directives, such as for machinery, low voltage may be applicable to the equipment concerned. 

A MC study of adsorption of living polymers [28] at hard walls has been carried out in a grand canonical ensemble for semiflexible o- 0 polymer chains and adsorbing interaction e < 0 at the walls of a box of size C. A number of thermodynamic quantities, such as internal energy (per lattice site) U, bulk density (f), surface coverage (the fraction of the wall that is directly covered with segments) 9, specific heat C = C /[k T ]) U ) — U) ), bulk isothermal compressibility... 

The holes in the close-packed structure of a metal can be filled with smaller atoms to form alloys (alloys are described in more detail in Section 5.15). If a dip between three atoms is directly covered by another atom, we obtain a tetrahedral hole, because it is formed by four atoms at the corners of a regular tetrahedron (Fig. 5.30a). There are two tetrahedral holes per atom in a close-packed lattice. When a dip in a layer coincides with a dip in the next layer, we obtain an octahedral hole, because it is formed by six atoms at the corners of a regular octahedron (Fig. 5.30b). There is one octahedral hole for each atom in the lattice. Note that, because holes are formed by two adjacent layers and because neighboring close-packed layers have identical arrangements in hep and ccp, the numbers of holes are the same for both close-packed structures. 

Commission Directive 96/46/EC of 16 July 1996, amending Annex II to the Directive 91/414/EEC, is the basis for the assessment of residue analytical methods for crops, food, feed, and environmental samples." Provisions of this Directive cover methods required for post-registration control and monitoring purposes but not data generation methods. Because it is necessary to provide applicants as precisely as possible with details on the required information, the guidance document S ANCO/825/00 rev. 6 dated 20 June 2000 (formerly 8064/VI/97 rev. 4, dated 5 December 1998)" was elaborated by the Commission Services in cooperation with the Member States. 

QA is an important aspect of any technical study. It is particularly crucial in an LSMBS, because several hundred participants, widely separated geographically, are involved. The analytical laboratories typically have standard provisions for QA inspections and reviews, and the field phase management organization is also likely to have standard provisions for QA inspection and review. Shoppers, however, are typically external to study management and analytical laboratories and, thus, are not directly covered by existing QA systems. The study design must include a means by which the field phase, i.e., sample collection and shipment by the shoppers, is made to comply with QA requirements. 

Table 19.1 presents some evidence on the level and the structure of the external costs of various transport modes of the 15 EU member states before the enlargement of the Community in 2004 plus Norway and Switzerland. The figures show the monetary values of the effects that transport imposes on society and that are not directly covered by taxes, charges or other regulations. 

The Directive covers 23 different product types specified in Annex V of the Directive. These include disinfectants used in different areas, chemicals used for preservation of products and materials, nonagricultural pesticides, and antifouhng products used on hulls of vessels. The Directive will not apply to certain product types already covered by other community legislation, such as plant protection products (PPPs) (Section 2.4.1.7.2), medicines, and cosmetics. 

Other obligations apply to distributors of consumer products. The GPS obligations apply in the absence of other specific rules of Community law governing the safety of such products. It is clear that the obligations under the medical device Directives cover most, if not all, producers obligations which arise under the GPS Directive as set out above. Manufacturers are... 

The Directive applies to any national measures to control price or restrict the range of products covered by national health insurance systems. The specific articles of the Directive cover the various schemes operational within the Community and demands that objective and verifiable criteria are met in their implementation (see also page 532 Chapter 17.15.4). 

In most of the cases the interaction of micron-sized particles is not mediated by a linker sequence [135]. Usually the particles are directly covered with complementary sequences that bypass the need of having a third component in solution. This approach is illustrated in Fig. 30 where a few key aspects of the functionalization strategy chosen in [136, 137] are stressed. 

One additional factor not directly covered in this paper is the issue of performance stability and the associated costs for refurbishment, repair or replacement of components with lifetimes shorter than the overall plant. None of the laboratory experiments to date for S-I, HyS or HTSE has run long enough and provided data that can be used to quantify degradation factors or lifetimes. Performance variation with time and limited lifetimes of components can be factored into the analysis, particularly as operating cost and replacement capital inputs. 

The basis and likely impact of this Directive have been described. Apart from some very brief comments, there has been no specific reference to surfactants. This is because the Directive covers any chemical that falls within the scope as described and whilst this will include many surfactants, it also includes many other types. Having said this, there is no reason to suppose that surfactants will fare better than any other class of chemicals. Also, as indicated at the beginning, this chapter describes the situation in autumn 2004 when much of the impact due to the transitional measures is still to be realised. This Directive is considered by many to be over the top control for this group of products. However, this is an inevitable consequence of biocidal products also being known as pesticides. Only time will tell whether this Directive will actually improve or increase the levels of risk to humans, animals or the environment. 

The EU passed a directive in 1993 requiring all food companies in the EU to implement an effective HACCP system by December 1995. The directive covers not only large and medium-sized businesses but also small companies and even small bakery shops and catering establishments. This directive makes the food manufacturer liable for damages suffered as a result of product defects. 

This adoption to legislation and the fact that the directives specify all the relevant standards in detail, start a complicated procedure that results in a considerable time delay. The consecutive work of CENELEC in standardization results in an increasing number of amendments to basic standards, and in order to adopt this progress in standardization, the EC authorities have been forced to issue a train of directives covering the new amendments. 

Incorporating these new philosophies, the EC Directive 94/9/EC, dated 1994-03-23 (the so-called ATEX 100a Directive), covers the field of explosion protection. 

As a next step, the directives covering the field of explosion protection within the European Community have overtaken this T)ypass regardless of Harmonized European Norms (HN), see Table 3.7. Articles 4 and 9 of Directive 82/130/EEC (for mines endangered by firedamp and/or combustible dusts) and of Directive 76/117/EEC (for areas hazardous due to combustible gases, vapours and mists) have opened the way for a control... 

In powder metallurgy very high cooling rates are encountered. Calculations lead to an estimate of lO -ICH °C/s for the solidification of argon atomized steel particles [9], Welding and powder metallurgy are thus not directly covered by the experiments reported in the present work. 

Only a few titles directly covering Civil War pharmacy are available. Most important of these are Norman Franke, The Medico-Pharmaceutical Conditions and Drug Supply in the Confederate States of America 1861-1865 (Unpublished PhD dissertation. University of Wisconsin, 1956) and George Winston Smith, Medicines for the Union Army The United States Army Laboratories During the Civil War (1962 reprinted, Binghamton,... 

After years of training people to pass A+ certification exam, we realize how important this material is to passing the test. Even though it doesn t directly cover any objectives, this chapter provides crucial context for working in the field. 

How to Use To control aphids and mites in the garden, prepare the spray solution according to label directions. Cover the leaves thoroughly, making sure to coat the undersides where many pests hide. As plants grow and rain washes away the oils, you may need to spray 1-2 week intervals to maintain the protection. 

The Seveso Directive covered all European Union Member States, and held them responsible for ensuring that the relevant national institutions do what is required for adequate risk management. The entire Directive was also driven by a concern for prevention, including those parts that relate to post-accident activities. For example, terms such as industrial activity, manufacturer, major accident, and dangerous substances were defined, the types of production, operations, and storage activities that are subject to regulation were described, and the dangers that are anticipated were noted. 

It is expected to become in the near future a standard addition to LCA, in order to evaluate the economic implications of a product s life cycle. Hunkeler and Rebitzer [85] have indicated that LCC is an assessment of all costs associated with the life cycle of a product that are directly covered by any one or more of the actors in the product life cycle (supplier, producer, user/consumer, end-of-life actor), with complementary inclusion of externalities that are anticipated to be internalized in the decision-relevant future. For example, a product manufacturer should include in an LCC study the costs incurred by the user of his product. 

The Directive covers all current 15 EU Member States (MS) and European Economic Area (EEA) members (Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein) i.e., 18 countries populated by 382 million citizens and coincidentally by the deadline date of May 1, 2004, will be joined by a further 10 new members of close to 75 million persons bringing the total to about 457 million citizens (5). This is already by far the largest pharmaceutical market in the world by population and this position will by 2004 be further consolidated. 

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