Transitional measures

Taking all these costs together, it is clear that marketing a biocidal active substance or a product based on it, in the EU, is a major commitment and one that will not be undertaken lightly. This is certainly true for new active substances and we shall not be seeing many of these, if any, in future. However it is also true of the existing actives and products on the EU market. These are very much in the majority and this brings us to the transitional measures already mentioned several times. 

Article 16 of the Directive refers to the transitional measures. These measures apply to active substances that were on the EU market before 14 May 2000 (existing biocidal active substances) and products based on them. Such actives and products could stay on the EU market, subject to existing individual Member State requirements, for a period up to 10 years from 14 May 2000. During the same 10-year period, the Commission was to commence a programme for the review of these substances. The Directive also refers to a Regulation that was to be published and that would provide a suitable priority system. 

In the event, a series of regulations is to be published, the first three of which have been published at the time of writing [3-5]. These Regulations specify requirements in two general areas  

All manufacturers or importers of biocidal active substances were to identify or notify their active substances to the European Chemicals Bureau (ECB). The difference between the options was  

A Notification was checked by the ECB for completeness only and no check was done nor indication given as to suitability of the data for the eventual review dossier. Both options had to be completed by 31 January 2003. This date had originally been 28 March 2002 but owing to the small number of identifications or notifications received, the period for submissions was extended. 

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Answer. To obtain the best value of 2B, the separation between adjacent rotational transitions, measure the total distance between the J= 3 and J= 9 transitions. This can be converted into cm using the scale at the bottom of the figure. The separation between the J =3 and J =9... 

Phase transitions in overlayers or surfaces. The structure of surface layers may undergo a transition with temperature or coverage. Observation of changes in the diffraction pattern gives a qualitative analysis of a phase transition. Measurement of the intensity and the shape of the profile gives a quantitative analysis of phase boundaries and the influence of finite sizes on the transition. ... 

Dinelli, F, Buenviaje, C. and Ovemey, R.M., Glass transition measurements on heterogeneous surfaces. Thin Solid Films, 396(1-2), 138-144 (2001). 

Bair, H.E. 1994. Glass transition measurements by DSC. In Assignment of the Glass Transition (R J. Seyler, ed.), pp. 50-74. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA. 

Mass spectrometry has generally been employed in this series of compounds mainly for routine structure determination. The fragmentation pathways of some derivatives of 43 have been studied using accurate mass and metastable-transition measurements <1997JHC435>. 

First, various advanced multipulse techniques have been developed since the mid-1970s, and nowadays are routinely applicable on spectrometers of the latest generation. Particularly innovative and ingenious among these methods are two-dimensional NMR techniques (506-508) and double quantum transition measurements (INADEQUATE) (507-509), which allow one to determine connectivities between carbon atoms within a molecule. 

Cost sharing with patients should be seen only as a transitional measure towards long term aims, such as universal health insurance. User charges or co-payment for medicines in public health services do not always lead to increased supply of medicines and may result in decreased utilization of public health services. In addition they can further impoverish already disadvantaged populations. User s charges should complement rather than replace government allocations for curative health services and essential medicines provision. 

Record the results of the transition measurements using the temperature parameters (Tm, etc.). 

Fig. 36. Metamagnetic transitions measured on a TbNi2B2C single crystal, at 2 K. Field H and measured component of magnetization M are within the tetragonal basal plane. 0-angle with respect to the a-axis (after...

The angle a represents the polarization of the transition measured counterclockwise from the N-(l)-C-(4) axis. 

All in all, it seems very doubtful whether any of the supposed benefits of androgen therapy justify the risks involved, except possibly as a transitional measure in those recently oophorectomized women who have acute symptoms of sudden androgen withdrawal. 

To extract concrete predictions for experimental parameters from our calculations is a non-trivial task, because neither the energetic constant B nor the rotational viscosity yi are used for the hydrodynamic description of the smectic A phase (but play an important role in our model). Therefore, we rely here on measurements in the vicinity of the nematic-smectic A phase transition. Measurements on LMW liquid crystals made by Litster [33] in the vicinity of the nematic-smectic A transition indicate that B is approximately one order of magnitude less than Bo. As for j we could not find any measurements which would allow an estimate of its value in the smectic A phase. In the nematic phase y increases drastically towards the nematic-smectic A transition (see, e.g., [51]). Numerical simulations on a molecular scale are also a promising approach to determine these constants [52],... 

Schawe, J. E. K. (1998). A description of the glass transition measured by temperature modulated differential scanning calorimetry. Colloid Polym. Sci. 276(7), 565-569. 

Fig. 3.1 Phase diagram for 1 -alkyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluorob-orate showing the melting ( ), glass (o) and clearing ( ) transitions measured by differential scanning calorimetry. Data from Ref. [16].

Annex V of the Directive refers to product types and describes 23 such product types which cover the whole of the EU biocidal product market. Authorisations will be applicable and limited to one or more of these 23 product types and may also carry other conditions. These product types are also of relevance to the transitional measures. As has already been indicated, surfactants have been listed in most of the 23 types. 

The basis and likely impact of this Directive have been described. Apart from some very brief comments, there has been no specific reference to surfactants. This is because the Directive covers any chemical that falls within the scope as described and whilst this will include many surfactants, it also includes many other types. Having said this, there is no reason to suppose that surfactants will fare better than any other class of chemicals. Also, as indicated at the beginning, this chapter describes the situation in autumn 2004 when much of the impact due to the transitional measures is still to be realised. This Directive is considered by many to be over the top control for this group of products. However, this is an inevitable consequence of biocidal products also being known as pesticides. Only time will tell whether this Directive will actually improve or increase the levels of risk to humans, animals or the environment. 

Table 1. Calculated electromagnetic energies and line widths of the antiprotonic transitions measured with the crystal spectrometer. The energy resolution AEexp of the Bragg spectrometer was determined from narrow transitions of antiprotonic noble gases. Ob stands for the Bragg angle...

The iT20Ne(6h — 5g) transition is an ideal case for a calibration line, because no Doppler broadening occurs from Coulomb deexcitation for the noble gas Ne as is the case for diatomic molecules like N2. Therefore, the line shape reflects exclusively the response of the spectrometer. The resolution achieved is 26 (seconds of arc), which is close to the theoretical limit of 22 for the chosen geometry. The line width of the TrN(5g — 4/) transition, measured to 50 , is dominated by Coulomb deexcitation [21]. 

Figure 8.39. Behaviour of the energy levels of HF in the J = 1 level in magnetic fields from 0 to 8 kG. The electric field was 2952 V cm-1. The vertical arrows indicate the five transitions measured by de Leeuw and Dymanus [89]. For the zero field energy level pattern, see figure 8.38.

Fig. 1. Potential energy curve (as a function of the distance s from the N atom to the X3 plane) and vibrational energy levels for the parallel vibrational mode vo of a pyramidal NX3 molecule. The splittings into symmetric (+) and antisymmetric (—) levels are not drawn to scale. MW, IR and R represent types of transitions measured respectively by MicroWave, InfraRed and Raman spectroscopy. se is the equilibrium height of the NX3 pyramid...

However, diffraction methods have severe drawbacks. Disordered crystals are often difficult to tackle. If the disorder is of dynamic nature, e.g. arising from small-or large-amplitude motions in the crystal, the use of devices for variable-temperature measurements is compulsory and can also yield very useful information (see below for some examples) on the existence of enantiotropic systems related by phase transitions. In some, not frequent, cases the crystals are sufficiently robust to be used for direct phase transition measurements on the diffractometer. Figure 3 shows an example of multiple diffraction data sets collected on the same specimen... 

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