Union Army

The start of The American Civil War would appear to have given Winchester and the Henry rifle a golden opportunity, but in fact the Union Army was not disposed to such complicated devices as repeating rifles and bought very few. On the other hand, sales to State Militia units and to homesteaders in isolated areas were sufficient to carry the company thro the war. 

The Union army obtained 29,828 oz (846 kg) of morphine sulfate. And when Confederates realized that a blockade of their ports could part them from sources of opium, they tried getting Southern women to cultivate and produce opium from garden-grown poppies. On both sides, discharged soldiers went home as addicts after the hostilities ceased. 

FIGURE 6.2. Incidents of Illness per 1,000 White and BlackTroops, Union Army Source The Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion, Part 3, Volume 1, Medical Volume [Washington GPO, 1888], pp. 6-77 passim. The figure for camp fevers is a compilation of continued, typho-malaria, and malarial fevers. See George Worthington Adams, Doctors in Blue, p. 240). 

George Winston Smith, Medicines for the Union Army The United States Army Laboratories During the Civil Whr(1962 reprint, Binghamton, NY Pharmaceutical Products Press, 2001). 

Andrew K. Black, In the Service of the United States Comparative Mortality Among African-American and White Troops in the Union Army, Journal of Negro History 19 1994) 331. 

This estimate came from Samuel Ramsey, chief clerk for the U.S. Army Medical Department. For details see George Worthington Adams, Doctors in Blue The Medical History of the Union Army in the Civil War (1952 reprint. Baton Rouge Louisiana State University Press), p. 178 and Mary Elizabeth Massey, Bonnet Brigades American Women and the Civil War (New York Alfred A. Knopf, 1966), p. 52. 

George Winston Smith, Medicines for the Union Army (1962 reprinted. New York Pharmaceutical Products Press, 2001), p. 39 see also Joseph Howland Bill s official report to Surgeon General Hammond reprinted in George Winston Smith, ed., The Squibb Laboratory in 1863, Journal of the History of Medicine Allied Sciences 13 (1958) 382-394. 

George Winston Smith calls Maisch s work in the Squibb plant, the most valuable preparation that Maisch could possibly have received for his position in the government laboratory see his Medicines for the Union Army, p. 73. 

Andrew K. Black has indicated that incidents of malaria among black were considerably lower than among whites due to the fact that nearly all had previous exposure to malaria and had acquired either natural immunity or exhibited attenuated symptoms. See Andrew K. Black, In the Service of the United States Comparative Mortality Among African-American and White Troops in the Union Army, Journal of Negro History 79 (1994) 324-325. 

Letter to Carrie and Eddie, November 22, 1862, NLM, MC C 207, HMD, Winston Thomas [transcripts of letters], The Personal Papers of Dr. Thomas Winston, Union Army (1862-66), Box 2. 

George Worthington Adams, Doctors in Blue The Medical History of the Union Army in the Civil War (1952 reprint, Louisiana State University Press, 1996), p. 41. 

Only a few titles directly covering Civil War pharmacy are available. Most important of these are Norman Franke, The Medico-Pharmaceutical Conditions and Drug Supply in the Confederate States of America 1861-1865 (Unpublished PhD dissertation. University of Wisconsin, 1956) and George Winston Smith, Medicines for the Union Army The United States Army Laboratories During the Civil War (1962 reprinted, Binghamton,... 

Possibly the most well-preserved town in the nation, Savannah was one of the few major Southern cities not razed by the Union Army during the Civil War. To this day it maintains a Southern charm and timelessness making it a popular destination for anyone interested in getting a flavor for the Old South. 

Who is the protagonist Mark Dedalus, a captain in the Union army, in civilian life an architect. (We have changed the spelling of his family name to reflect the fact that in our story he is an American.)... 

The Spencer rifle was extensively used by the cavalry of the Union army during the late. war. 

As Colonel Roebling of the Union army, Washington had learnt about temporary works on campaign, occasionally under fire. Early on in the conflict he set a suspension bridge across the Shenandoah river at Harper s Ferry, subsequently a major battlefield. He was in the observation balloon that first spotted Robert E. Lee manoeuvring towards the shoe factory at Gettysburg. 

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