Diabetes mellitus lipid levels

Moroti C, Souza Magri LF, de Rezende Costa M, Cavallini DC, Sivieri K. Effect of the consumption of a new symbiotic shake on glyce-mia and cholesterol levels in elderly people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Lipids Health Dis. 2012 11 29. 

QURESHI A A, SAEED A s, FAROOQ A K (2002) Effects of Stabilized rice bran, its soluble and fiber fractions on blood glucose levels and serum lipid parameters in humans with diabetes mellitus Types 1 2. J Nutri Biochem, 13 175-87. 

As in the case of other cardiovascular diseases, the possibility of antioxidant treatment of diabetes mellitus has been studied in both animal models and diabetic patients. The treatment of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats with a-lipoic acid reduced superoxide production by aorta and superoxide and peroxynitrite formation by arterioles providing circulation to the region of the sciatic nerve, suppressed lipid peroxidation in serum, and improved lens glutathione level [131]. In contrast, hydroxyethyl starch desferrioxamine had no effect on the markers of oxidative stress in diabetic rats. Lipoic acid also suppressed hyperglycemia and mitochondrial superoxide generation in hearts of glucose-treated rats [132],... 

Initial therapy Ascertain that lipid levels are consistently abnormal before instituting fenofibrate therapy. Make every attempt to control serum lipids with appropriate diet, exercise, weight loss in obese patients, and control of any medical problems (eg, diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism) that are contributing to the lipid abnormalities. If possible, discontinue or change medications known to exacerbate... 

Hepatic failure, rash, increased bleeding in patients with hemophilia, diabetes mellitus, increased lipid levels, and changes in body fat have been reported. 

However, very low plasma levels of HDL cholesterol are also found in patients with genetically disturbed metabolic pathways that are indirectly linked to HDL metabolism. For example, many patients with lipid storage diseases like Gaucher s disease (glucocerobrosidase deficiency, OMIM 230800-231000), Nieman-Pick disease types A or (sphingomyelinase deficiency, OMIM 257200 and 607616, respectively), Niemann-Pick disease type C (OMIM 257220), hypertriglyceridemia, or diabetes mellitus present with low HDL cholesterol [22]. 

Depression and Metabolic Syndrome. Abnormal serum albumin levels and lipid profiles have both been observed in patients with major depression, as well as cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and end-stage renal disease. Depressive symptoms are very common in patients with these chronic illnesses. Recent clinical data have shown that cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, end-stage renal disease, and obesity are all related to metabolic syndromes [68-74], and especially insulin resistance [75, 76]. However, the data examining major depression without physical illness and insulin resistance are still scarce. In the future, the biological relationship between depression and physical illness needs to be more fully explored. 

The effect of PJ consumption by patients with CAS on their serum oxidative state was measured also as serum concentration of antibodies against Ox-LDL.31 A significant (p < 0.01) reduction in the concentration of antibodies against Ox-LDL by 24 and 19% was observed after 1 and 3 months of PJ consumption, respectively (from 2070 61 EU/mL before treatment to 1563 69 and 1670 52 F.lI/mL after 1 and 3 months of PJ consumption, respectively). Total antioxidant status (TAS) in serum from these patients was substantially increased by 2.3-fold (from 0.95 0.12 nmol/L at baseline up to 2.20 0.25 nmol/L after 12 months of PJ consumption). These results indicate that PJ administration to patients with CAS substantially reduced their serum oxidative status and could thus inhibit plasma lipid peroxidation. The susceptibility of the patient s plasma to free radical-induced oxidation decreased after 12 months of PJ consumption by 62% (from 209 18 at baseline to 79 6 nmol of peroxides/milliliter). The effect of PJ consumption on serum oxidative state was recently measured also in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Consumption of 50 mL of PJ per day for a period of 3 months resulted in a significant reduction in serum lipid peroxides and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBAR) levels by 56 and 28%, respectively.32... 

The clinical manifestations of PAD are associated with reduction in functional capacity and quality of life, but because of the systemic nature of the atherosclerotic process there is a strong association with coronary and carotid artery disease. Consequently, patients with PAD have an increased risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular ischemic events [myocardial infarction (Ml), ischemic stroke, and death] compared to the general population (4,5). In addition, these cardiovascular ischemic events are more frequent than ischemic limb events in any lower extremity PAD cohort, whether individuals present without symptoms or with atypical leg pain, classic claudication, or critical limb ischemia (6). Therefore, aggressive treatment of known risk factors for progression of atherosclerosis is warranted. In addition to tobacco cessation, encouragement of daily exercise and use of a low cholesterol, low salt diet, PAD patients should be offered therapies to reduce lipid levels, control blood pressure, control blood glucose in patients with diabetes mellitus, and offer other effective antiatherosclerotic strategies. A recent position paper... 

Since the time the lipid hypothesis was proposed, a number of other risk factors, that can be modified, for CHD have been reported. Of importance are hypertension, cigarette smoking, obesity and physical inactivity, diabetes mellitus, and elevated plasma levels of Lp(a) and homocysteine (Braunwald, 1997 Schaefer, 2002). 

Relation.ships between lipid and glucose levels in the hlsHtd and the general disorders of lipid metabolism found in diabetic. subjects have received the attention of many chemists and clinicians. To understand diabetes mellitus. its complica-tion.s. and its treatment, one has to begin with the basic hio-chemi.stry of the pancreas and the ways carbohydrates are correlated with lipid and protein inetaMism. The pancreas produces insulin, as well as glucagon Cecils secrete insulin and or-cells secrete glucagon. Insulin is considered first. 

Since hypercholesterolemia (in particular, LDL cholesterol) increases the risk of CHD, it seems reasonable to lower cholesterol levels in patients whose levels put them at risk. Before treatment, other risk factors such as hypertension, cigarette smoking, obesity, and glucose intolerance need to be evaluated and corrected. Disorders that exacerbate hyperlipoproteinemia (e.g., chronic ethanol abuse, hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus) need to be treated before lipid-lowering measures are taken (discussed earlier. Table 20-7). 

The composition and organization of membrane lipid species are altered in several human diseases (Alemany et al., 2007 Vigh et al., 2005). For example, in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus massive changes occur in lipid composition of the rat myocardium causing a 46% increase in PI levels and a 22% decrease in PE content, which was prevented by insulin treatment after induction of the... 

In addition to diabetes mellitus, Mr. Applebod has a hyperlipidemia (high blood lipid level—elevated cholesterol and triacylglycerols), another risk factor for cardiovascular disease. A genetic basis for Mr. Applebod s disorder is inferred from a positive family history of hypercholesterolemia and premature coronary artery disease in a brother. 

---