Development of hydrocarbon

To pursue the long-range development of hydrocarbon chemistry... 

Industrial analysis of hydrocarbon gases 25 years ago was limited almost to Orsat-type absorptions and combustion, resulting in crude approximations and inadequate qualitative information. The more precise method of Shepherd (56) was available but too tedious for frequent use. A great aid to the commercial development of hydrocarbon gas processes of separation and synthesis was the development and commercialization of high efficiency analytical gas distillation units by Podbielniak (50). In these the gaseous sample is liquefied by refrigeration, distilled through an efficient vertical packed column, the distillation fractions collected as gas and determined manometrically at constant volume. The operation was performed initially in manually operated units, more recently in substantially automatic assemblies. 

Handling of caking coals has proved to be a serious obstacle to the development of hydrocarbonization processes and was, in fact, one of the principal factors contributing to the failure of the Coalcon project. However, a number of technologically successful approaches to handling of caking coals have now been demonstrated. The most common approach is through special reactor... 

The H-Coal process is a development of Hydrocarbon Research Inc. (HRI). It converts coal by catalytic hydrogenation to substitutes for petroleum ranging from a low sulfur fuel oil to an all distillate synthetic crude, the latter representing a potential source of raw material for the petrochemical industry. The process is a related application to HRI s H-Oil process which is used commercially for the desulfurization of residual oils from crude oil refining. 

Still in the Soviet times several wells were drilled in the Azov Sea that did not indicate the availability of commercial oil reserves. In 1978, the perspective Gelendjik structure was discovered in the south of the Temryuk Bay, while in 2001, in the North-Temryuk delta was discovered. The main obstacle for development of hydrocarbon production in the Azov Sea is the unsettled... 

Because of the current prices of petroleum in world markets, with no sign of a reduction in the near future, the development of hydrocarbon resources in India in the form of coal should be of primary importance and research funds should be expended in this direction. India s coal re-... 

The relatively slow rate of hydrocarbon fuel cell oxidations prompted an intensive examination of the adsorption characteristics of organic reactants in the 1960s. Because of the low potential for the development of hydrocarbon fuel cells, such studies have largely subsided today and no modern surface analysis techniques have been applied to characterize intermediates. Conventional adsorption studies of carbonaceous species have been reviewed repeatedly (7, 9-12, 100 -, therefore, we summarize here only some essential adsorption features for fuel cell and selective electrocatalytic oxidations. 

The literature of the commercial development of hydrocarbons derivable from petroleum and natural gas is meager until about 1935. Since 1945, the literature has become extensive. This study includes the paraffins, olefins, alicyclics, aromatics, acetylene, and separation processes. Journals and sections of journals of value are discussed. The main subject heads to be consulted in Chemical Abstracts are given. There is considerable overlapping of subject matter in the U. S. patent classification system pertinent classes are listed. References in the bibliography were selected to show the various types available. 

EGLOFF, ALEXANDER, AND ZIMMER—COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROCARBONS... 

Because of the relative newness of the petrochemical industry, very few books have been published which have chapters on the commercial development of hydrocarbons from petroleum and natural gas. A list of miscellaneous books and pamphlets of interest is given in the bibliography. 

Miscellaneous Methods for Manufacture of Sulfur Compounds. The current trend toward synthetic detergents and the fact that sulfonic acids have been found to possess many attributes desirable for a detergent has led to the development of hydrocarbons which upon sulfonation yield a superior type of detergent. One of the most satisfactory types of product for general household application is the alkyl aryl sulfonates. This field is adequately discussed by Griesinger and Nevison... 

Poisoned patients may require monitoring of vital signs, measurement of ventilatory adequacy such as blood gases and pulse oximetry, leukocyte count with differential to assess development of pneumonia, and chest radiographs to assess the degree of pulmonary edema or development of hydrocarbon pneumonitis. Workers involved in the formulation and application of pesticides should be monitored by periodic measurement of cholinesterase activity in their bloodstream. Untreated, anticholinesterase-depressed acetylcholinesterase activity returns to normal values in approximately 120 days. 

As hydrocarbons will most likely be used for the foreseeable future, the development of hydrocarbon anode catalysis is another area of research that could potentially provide significant breakthroughs. 

Rouse WM, Nowak F. The development of hydrocarbon-tolerant hairspray polymers. Aerosol Age 1988 33 48-50, 56, 58-65. 

The heart of the PEM fuel cell is the proton exchange membrane, which transports protons from the anode to the cathode. The membrane also serves to separate the fuel and oxidant gas phases and electronically insulates the cathode from the anode. The most typical membrane is a sulfonated per-fluorinated polymer. The Nation family of membranes made by DuPont is representative of this class, and is based on a sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoropolymer-copolymer, with the chemical structure represented in Figure 1.2. The sulfonic acid (SO3H) groups on the side chains allow the protons or other cations to "hop" from one acid site to another, in the presence of water. The exact mechanism of the proton movement is an area of significant research. An active area of research is the development of hydrocarbon-based... 

The demand for larger vinyl chloride plants coincided with the development of hydrocarbon steam crackers. Ethylene reacts directly with chlorine forming ethylene dichloride, which was decomposed thermally to produce vinyl chloride. The byproduct hydrogen chloride could then be used to produce more viityl chloride as a feedstock for the acetylene process. This was described as the balanced ethylene-acetylene process ... 

At low operation temperatures, polarisation losses and the importance of catalysis of the electrode reactions Increase. At the cathode, mixed potentials can arise when traces of combustible substances determine the electrode potential in competition with oxygen, an effect, mentioned near the end of Section 2.3, whose cause was recognised by Hartung in 1981 [143], today the basis of the development of hydrocarbon sensors. For the anodes growing interest is directed to materials which accelerate the electrochemical oxidation of CO and hydrocarbons and is stable against fuel impurities. 

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