Fiber detergent

Detergent Methods. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) methods (2), later modified for human foods (13), measure total insoluble plant cell wall material (NDF) and the cellulose—lignin complex (ADF). The easily solubilized pectins and some associated polysaccharides, galactomaimans of legume seeds, various plant gums, and seaweed polysaccharides are extracted away from the NDF. They caimot be recovered easily from the extract, and therefore the soluble fiber fraction is lost. 

Acid Detergent Fiber. The ground sample is heated for 1 h under reflux in a solution of 2% cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide [57-09-0] in IN sulfuric acid [7664-93-9]. The acid hydrolyzes and dissolves the nonceUulosic polysaccharides. The insoluble residue, relatively free of hemiceUuloses and containing aU the ceUulose and lignin, is filtered, dried, and corrected for ash to give the ADF value. 

Ml YOSHi H, OKUDA Y, KOSHi H (1986) Effect of rice fiber on fecal weight, apparent digestibility of energy and fat and degradation of neutral detergent fiber in young men. JNutr Sci Vitaminol, 32 581. 

The diet treatments were level of phytate intake, either 0.2 or 2.0 g/day. Each level was consumed for 15 days, three consecutive repeats of the 5-day menu cycle. To provide 2.0 g/day of phytic acid, 36 g of wheat bran was baked into 6 muffins and two muffins were eaten each meal. Dephytinized bran was prepared by incubating the bran in water and allowing the endogenous phytase to hydrolyze the phytate, then the entire incubation mixture was freeze-dried (4) and 36 g baked into 6 muffins. Thus, the intake of all nutrients and neutral detergent fiber was the same for both phytate intakes. Five subjects consumed the whole bran muffins for 15 days followed by the dephytinized bran muffins for 15 days and the other 5 subjects in the reverse order. Brilliant blue dye was given at breakfast on the first day of each collection period to aid in demarcation of stools. Stool composites were made for days 1-5, 6-15, 16-20 and 21-30 and urine composites for days 6-15, and 21-30. Daily food composites were made, homogenized, freeze-dried and then analyzed to determine mineral nutrient intakes. 

HS-I diet and fecal samples were dry ashed and HS-II and -III samples were prepared by a combination dry-wet ashing procedure (Hill et al. unpublished). The approved method of American Association of Cereal Chemists (7) was used for determining neutral detergent fiber. 

As seed moisture in field peas decreases, there is a decrease in starch fraction yield, protein content of starch fraction, protein content of protein fraction, and percent starch separation efficiency, and a concurrent increase in protein fraction yield, percent starch in starch fraction, percent starch in protein fraction, percent protein separation efficiency, and percent neutral detergent fiber in the protein fraction. Lower moisture content of field peas improves milling efficiency and results in more complete separation of protein and starch fractions, which could explain the increase in protein fraction yield and percent starch in starch fraction, improved protein separation efficiency and less protein in the starch fraction. The decrease in starch separation efficiency was probably due to the increased starch content of protein fraction and increased protein fraction yield with lower seed moisture. 

Utilization of iron was not affected at levels of 9 to 26g bran/day from corn or wheat (19, 2J0 2 ) or bY 16 g of bran/day (25). Negative balances were observed by Morris and Ellis (21) during the first balance period with daily intakes of 36g bran but not during the second 5-day balance period. However, Simpson et al. (24) found a marked inhibition of non-heme iron absorption from a single test meal which included 6 g of wheat bran. With a diet which provided 35g/day of NDF (neutral detergent fiber from bran bread), iron balances were decreased (26) compared to the 9 or 22g/day intake levels. 

Municipal Sewage Treatment Plant. The reactors were batch-fed daily an RDF (refuse derived fuel) processed MSW feedstock obtained from Future Fuels Inc. in Thief River Falls, MN. The processed MSW feed contained 52% of dry weight (DW) cellulose, 20% lignin-plastics, 2% ash, and 26% acid-detergent solubles (% DW as determined by the acid-detergent-fiber assay (63)). The MSW feedstock was added to a nutrient solution at 5% w/v for daily feeding as previously described (55). 

Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J.B. and Lewis, B.A. (1991) Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science 74, 3583-3597. 

Describes the procedure and its application to neutral detergent fiber preparations from a wide range of plants. 

Fontaine, A. S., Bout, S., Barriere, Y., and Vermerris, W., 2003, Variation in cell wall composition among forage maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines and its impact in digestibility analysis of neutral detergent fiber composition by pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, J. Agric. FoodChem. 51 8080-8087. 

Table 1 shows the nutritional and mineral analysis of distiller s dried grains and solubles (DDs) from both whole-corn and G/F minus com fermentations. Most significant are a 23% increase in protein concentration, a 58.5% decrease in neutral detergent fiber, a 45.5% decrease in fat, overall increases in net energy, and a 60.7% decrease in phosphorus. 

Phytate has been studied extensively with regard to mineral (mostly Zn and Ca) status of animals, and it has been shown to reduce whole-body Mn retention in rats (12). Phytate, however, is not present in the neutral detergent fiber or in the ash component of feedstuffs. Therefore, phytate does not appear to be responsible for the reduction of Mn uptake in chicks fed corn, soybean meal, wheat bran or fish meal (9). That phytate negatively impacts Mn nutriture also disagrees with the research of Reinhold et aK (13), who reported that fiber, and not phytate, was the pTTmary factor determining bioavailability of divalent mineral elements in breads. 

Table I. These are the amounts fed at the 2800-calorie level. Caloric intake was adjusted to the individual needs of the subjects by increasing or decreasing all foods the appropriate percentage to maintain each subject s weight during the study. Carbohydrate, fat, and protein made up 50, 37, and 13% of the total calories, respectively. The low fiber diet was supplemented with carotene, iron, magnesium, and copper in an attempt to make the two diets equivalent in all respects except fiber. During the last 7 days of each 26-day period, the subjects collected all urine and fecal sauries. Feces were marked by giving each subject 50 mg Brilliant blue. Seven-day cotqiosites of food, urine, and feces were prepared. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake was 5 and 25 g/day on the low and higher fiber diets, respectively (18).

The effect on zinc balance of a 10-fold difference in dietary molar ratio of phytate/zinc was tested in a metabolic balance study with 10 adult men. The mean zinc balance was 2.7 mg per day vrtien the dietary molar ratio of phytate/zinc was about 12 and 2.0 mg per day when the ratio was about 1. Menus consisted of foods commonly consumed in the United States. The mean daily intake of zinc was 17 mg and of neutral detergent fiber 16 g. The molar ratios of phytate/zinc were attained by using 36 g per day of whole or dephytinized wheat bran. Analysis of hospital and self-chosen diets Indicate that the majority of the United States population consume diets with molar ratios of phytate/zinc less than 10, but which provide less than the recommended dietary allowance of zinc. The balance results are discussed in relation to magnitude of the zinc intake, the type of food consumed and the role of adaptive responses in maintaining adequate zinc nutriture. 

The dephytinized bran contained the same percentage of neutral detergent fiber as the nonincubated whole bran. Thus, the intakes of neutral detergent fiber did not differ between the two dietary... 

In the petrochemical industry sulfuric acid is utilized, for example, in the alkylation of isoalkanes with alkenes, in the chemical industry in the manufacture inorganic chemicals (e.g. hydrofluoric acid, chromic acid, aluminum sulfate) and organic products (e.g. dyes, explosives, isocyanates, soaps, detergents, fibers and pharmaceuticals). Sulfuric acid is also utilized in the manufacture of titanium oxide pigments, uranium and copper extraction, in steel pickling and in batteries. 

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