Nonstarch polysaccharides

The lower rates of nutrient absorption associated with diets high in nonstarch polysaccharides are probably due to the increased viscosity of digesta (Vaugelade et al., 2000), which increases the thickness of the unstirred layer overlying the enterocytes and causes anon-specific decline in solute absorption. This explains why diets high in 3-glucans, which are structural carbohydrates and which increase viscosity of digesta, reduce absorption of nutrients and... 

Dietary Fibre. An area of some contention is what should be included as dietary fibre. There are several different methods of measuring dietary fibre and all of them will give different results on the same sample. The EU favours the Association of Analytical Chemists (AOAC) method, which includes lignin and resistant starch, while the UK has preferred the Englyst method and has defined fibre as nonstarch polysaccharides from cell walls as the only substances that count as fibre. 

Dietary fibre was defined by Hugh TroweU as the plant polysaccharides and lignin which are resistant to hydrolysis by the digestive enzymes of humans . This definition lacks chemical precision, because non-flbrous pectins and gums are also present. The term nonstarch polysaccharide (NSP) is often preferred, although the term dietary fibre still persists. Unfortunately, NSP is also not satisfactory since some starch, known as resistant or par-... 

Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J.B. and Lewis, B.A. (1991) Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science 74, 3583-3597. 

Flaxseed powder and oat bran were utilized as a fat replacer in cake without any detrimental effects (Lee et al., 2004b). Flaxseed significantly decreased viscosity at 20% however, an increase in cake volume was observed, potentially due to the high lipid content which served as a shortening in the presence of nonstarch polysaccharides. However, more data are required to explain the observed phenomenon. Flaxseed powder addition significantly (p < 0.05) darkened crumb color and increased yellowness values. Results indicated that flaxseed was an acceptable additive when used with Nutrim oat bran. 

A spread is disclosed that contains a fiber ingredient that is nondegradable by enzymes secreted by the human body. The fiber ingredient is a nonstarch polysaccharide (average molecular weight of more than 800). Jerusalem artichoke is one of the raw materials recommended for obtaining the fiber. 

Englyst, H.N. and Cummings, J.H. 1984. Simplified method for the measurement of total nonstarch polysaccharides by gas liquid chromatography of constituent sugars as alditol acetates, Analyst, 109 937-942. 

Cauliflower has a very high waste index (Kulkami et ah, 2001) and is an excellent source of protein (16.1%), cellulose (16%), and hemicellulose (8%) (Wadhwa et ah, 2006). It is considered as a rich source of dietary fiber and it possess both antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties. Phenolic compounds and vitamin C are the major antioxidants of brassica vegetables, due to their high content and high antioxidant activity (Podsedek, 2007). Lipid-soluble antioxidants (carotenoids and vitamin E) are responsible for up to 20% of the brassica total antioxidant activity. The level of nonstarch polysaccharide (NPS) in the upper cauliflower stem is similar to that of the floret and both are rich in pectic polysaccharides, while the cauliflower lower stem is rich in NPS due mainly to cellulose and xylan deposition (Femenia et ah, 1998). 

Structural polysaccharides, also referred to as nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP), in SB are diverse, and some have complex structures. Total NSP concentration is the sum of water-insoluble and water-soluble NSP fractions. Nonstarch polysaccharides also can be divided into cellulosic and noncellulosic polysaccharides. The noncel-lulosic polysaccharides consist of a variety of monosaccharides (arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, xylose, and uronic acids Table 9.3) that are arranged in complex combinations. As the difference in fiber fractions between SBM and SH (Table 9.2) indicates, the NSP composition is rather different in SB cotyledons compared to SH. Purified SB cotyledon cell walls contain approximately 73% NSP, and small amounts of noncarbohydrate matter consisting of protein, minerals, and phenolics (BriUouet Carre, 1983). 

Table 9.3. Approximate Monosaccharide Composition of Nonstarch, Noncellulosic Polysaccharides in Soybean Meal ...

Table 9.7, Performance Characteristics, Total Tract Nonstarch Polysaccharide Digestibility, and Dietary Nitrogen-Corrected Apparent Metabolizable Energy Concentration of Enzyme-Treated Diets Fed to Broilers (5-18 d) ...

Khotimchenko, Y. S. (2010). Antitumor properties of nonstarch polysaccharides Fucoidans and chitosans. Russ. J. Mar. Biol. 36,321-330. 

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