Design, process safety

Lutz, W. K. (1995a). Take Chemistry and Physics into Consideration in All Phases of Chemical Plant Design. Process Safety Progress 14, 3 (July), 153-62. 

Windhorst, J. C. A. (1995). Application of Inherently Safe Design Concepts, Fitness for Use and Risk Driven Design Process Safety Standards to an LPG Project."loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries, ed. J. J. Mewis, H. J. Pasman, and E. E. De Rademacker, 543-54. Amsterdam Elsevier Science B. V. 

In jurisdictions where the governing authorities (for example, national, federal, state, province, county, city) have established process safety design, process safety management, or other requirements, these take precedence over the requirements defined in this standard. 

The hazards analyses should be performed by a person(s) knowledgeable in engineering, operations, design, process, safety, environmental, and other specialties as appropriate. At least one person should be proficient in the hazards analysis methodologies being employed. If only one person performs the hazard analysis, that person should not have participated in the original design of or modifications to the facility. 

Fodor, Z. and Klemes, J. (2012) Waste as alternative fuel - Minimizing emissions and effluents by advanced design. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 90 263-284. 

Nuclear power has achieved an excellent safety record. Exceptions are the accidents at Three Mile Island in 1979 and at Chernobyl in 1986. In the United States, safety can be attributed in part to the strict regulation provided by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, which reviews proposed reactor designs, processes appHcations forUcenses to constmct and operate plants, and provides surveillance of all safety-related activities of a utiUty. The utiUties seek continued improvement in capabiUty, use procedures extensively, and analy2e any plant incidents for their root causes. Similar programs intended to ensure reactor safety are in place in other countries. 

Chemical Reactivity Evaluation and Application to Process Design Preventing Human Error in Process Safety... 

Process Safety Considerations. Unit optimization studies combined with dynamic simulations of the process may identify operating conditions that are unsafe regarding fire safety, equipment damage potential, and operating sensitivity. Several instances of fires and deflagrations in ethylene oxide production units have been reported in the past (160). These incidents have occurred in both the reaction cycle and ethylene oxide refining areas. Therefore, ethylene oxide units should always be designed to prevent the formation of explosive gas mixtures. 

REIST Aerosol Science and Technology, Second Edition RHINE, TUCKER Modeling of Gas-Fired Furnaces and Boilers and Other Industrial Heating Processes ROSSITER Waste Minimization Through Process Design SAMDANI Safety and Risk Management Tools and Techniques in the CPI... 

Stanley Grossel, President, Process Safety Design, Inc. Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers Member, American Chemical Society Member, The Combustion Institute Member, Explosion Protection Systems Committee of NFPA (Section 26, Process Safety)... 

Implementation of process interlocks within process control systems is perfectly acceptable. Furthermore, it is also permissible (and probably advisable) that responsible operations personnel be authorized to bypass or ignore a process. Safety interlocks must be implemented within the separate safety interlock system. Bypassing or ignoring safety interlocks by operations personnel is simply not permitted. When this is necessary for ac tions such as verifying that the interlock continues to be func tional, such situations must be infrequent and incorporated into the design of the interlock. 

PROCESS SAFETY INTRODUCTION INHERENTLY SAFER DESIGN AND OTHER PRINCIPLES... 

To distinguish between a review and an audit, some definitions will be provided. A review is a critical examination or evaluation of any operation, procedure, condition, event, or equipment item. Reviews can take many forms and be identified as project reviews, design reviews, safety reviews, pre-start-up reviews, and so on. The following discussion of the review process will deal with project reviews associated with capital projects and focus on the area of process safety. 

CCPS. 1993. Engineering Design for Process Safety. American Institute of Chemic Engineers, New York. 

The Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) has identified the need for a publication dealing with process safety issues unique to batch reaction systems. This book, Guidelines for Process Safety in Batch Reaction Systems, attempts to aid in the safe design, operation and maintenance of batch and semi-batch reaction systems. In this book the terms batch and semi-batch are used interchangeably for simplicity. The objectives of the book are to ... 

The book does not focus on occupational safety and health issues, although improved process safety can benefit these areas. Detailed engineering designs are outside the scope of this work. This book intends to identify issues and concerns in batch reaction systems and provide potential solutions to address these concerns. This should be of value to process design engineers, operators, maintenance personnel, as well as members of process hazards analysis teams. While this book offers potential solutions to specific issues/concerns, ultimately the user needs to make the case for the solutions that provide a balance between risk... 

Each chapter starts with a description of the topic covered in the chapter. This is followed by a short example highlighting a reported incident involving a batch reaction system. The case study is followed by a listing of key issues and process safety practices unique to the topic. The issues and concerns presented in this book, as well as potential design solutions and sources of additional information are presented in the tables. This format concisely conveys the necessary and relevant information in a familiar and convenient format. The organization of the tables is described below. 

Balls, B. W., A. B. Rentcome, and J. A. Wilkenson. 1987. Specification and Design of Safety Systems for the Process Industries, 8th International System Safety Conference, New Orleans, EA. 

CCPS G-13. Guidelines for Chemical Reactivity Evaluation and Applications to Process Design. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Center for Chemical Process Safety, New York. 

Hendershot, D. C. 1987. Safety Considerations in the Design of Batch Processing Plants, in Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Prevention of Major Chemical Accidents, Center for Chemical Process Safety/AIChE, New York, NY. 

Wilday, A.J. 1991. The Safe Design of Chemical Plants with No Need for Pressure Relief Systems. Elazards IX—New Directions in Process Safety. IChemE Symposium Series. No. 124, pp. 243-253. Institute of Chemical Engineers, IChemE, Rugby, U.K. 

Process Safety System (PSS) A process safety system comprises the design, procedures, and hardware intended to operate and maintain the process safely. 

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