Design parameters, study

For pile foundations such as bored piles, design parameters studies such as conducted by Tan et al. (1998) is available. Design curve relating shaft resistance factor with SPT N value is reproduced in Figure 3.11. Pile base resistance from their studies is negligible and is recommended not be considered. 

Kolbl, A., Kraut, M., and Wenka, A. (2011) Design parameter studies on cyclone type mixers. Chem. Eng. J., 167... 

During the design phase, facilities (the hardware items of equipment) are designed for operating conditions which are anticipated based upon the information gathered during field appraisal, and upon the outcome of studies such as the reservoir simulation. The design parameters will typically be based upon assessments of... 

Much of the experience and data from wastewater treatment has been gained from municipal treatment plants. Industrial liquid wastes are similar to wastewater but differ in significant ways. Thus, typical design parameters and standards developed for municipal wastewater operations must not be blindly utilized for industrial wastewater. It is best to run laboratory and small pilot tests with the specific industrial wastewater as part of the design process. It is most important to understand the temporal variations in industrial wastewater strength, flow, and waste components and their effect on the performance of various treatment processes. Industry personnel in an effort to reduce cost often neglect laboratory and pilot studies and depend on waste characteristics from similar plants. This strategy often results in failure, delay, and increased costs. Careful studies on the actual waste at a plant site cannot be overemphasized. 

Utility Baiances. The operating company should also require a balance for each plant utility. The most involved of the utility balances is usually the supply/demand steam tabulation showing all levels of steam and condensate and their interactions. The steam balance is almost always required at this stage for any required side studies. The steam balance influences many design parameters, such as boiler size and contingency, treated water makeup rates, blow -down disposal rates, chemicals usage, and surface condenser size. 

Thus, bench or pilot studies are necessary to avoid technology misapplication in the field. The loss of time in treatment or the requirement to provide additional treatment for the waste is very expensive. Therefore, the relatively small costs and time needed for these studies make them useful tools in treatment selection. Bench-scale treatability studies for demonstrated technologies can cost between 10,000- 50,000 and take up to 6 weeks. Demonstrated technologies are those for which the major design parameters and treatment efficiencies are well understood. Innovative (and some biological processes) will require substantially more time (4-16 weeks) and money ( 25,000-> 200,000). These are estimates, and actual time and costs are going to depend on what kind of technology is under consideration. 

In order to illustrate the critical process parameters of SMB process validation, we will consider the separation of the racemic drug as described in Process design. The study represents the effect of the influence of feed concentration, number of plates and retention factor on the second eluting enantiomer. The simulation of the process for different values of feed concentration is performed and the variations of the extract and raffinate purities are shown in Fig. 10.10. 

The IIEC model was also used to study the importance of various design parameters. Variations in gas flow rates and channeling in the bed are not the important variables in a set of first-order kinetics. The location of the catalytic bed from the exhaust manifold is a very important variable when the bed is moved from the exhaust manifold location to a position below the passenger compartment, the CO emission averaged over the cycle rose from 0.14% to 0.29% while the maximum temperature encountered dropped from 1350 to 808°F. The other important variables discovered are the activation energy of the reactions, the density and heat... 

After perusal of these process options, the engineer asks the computer to select five designs for further study, and the oomputer produces a paper copy of the flowsheet and design parameters... 

Some animal studies indicate that dietary exposure to methyl parathion causes decreased humoral and cellular responses (Shtenberg and Dzhunusova 1968 Street and Sharma 1975). A more recent, well-designed animal study that included a battery of immuno/lymphoreticular end points showed few effects at the nonneurotoxic doses tested (Crittenden et al. 1998). No adequate studies are available in humans to assess the immunotoxic potential of methyl parathion. Therefore, studies measuring specific immunologic parameters in occupationally exposed populations are needed to provide useful information. Further studies are also needed to investigate the mechanism for methyl parathion-induced immunotoxicity since this information would help to identify special populations at risk for such effects. 

Process validation is intended to show and document that the process described, when operating within the designated parameters, will produce product of the appropriate quality and demonstrate that the manufacturing process is under full control. Process validation should extend from laboratory-scale and preformulation studies (say to of production scale) to formulation to pilot-scale manufacture (say production scale) to full industrial-scale manufacture, with a clear, logical, and continuous path between these stages. The magnitude of scale-up at each stage should not normally exceed a factor of 10. 

Reaction kinetics, catalyst handling, mass and heat transfer, corrosion and many other practical industrial chemistry and engineering considerations impact the success of scaleup from lab to commercial for batch processing. Since the starting point for scaleup studies is the ultimate intended commercial unit, the professional should scaledown from the design parameters and constraints of the proposed commercial unit. 

The results of this evaluation lead to the conclusion that a rectangular-based cubicle is the preferred room configuration. Additional parameter studies concluded that in the rectangular cubicle configuration, reinforced concrete is the preferred construction material over structural steel. Design of reinforced... 

Within the Parameter Study Block, the algorithm is designed to test whether solubility has been exceeded or not. As a result the same model generated by ECES can be used to predict HC1 vapor pressures over unsaturated solutions of FeC12-HCl-H20 without modifying the basic program created by ECES. In a paper by Chen (17) some limited experimental data was presented on the vapor pressure of HC1 over ferrous chloride system. 

AEA conducted a series of desktop studies (literature surveys) to establish certain design parameters for the full-scale plant. These studies were conducted in place of further tests. The conclusions of these studies are summarized below. 

The performance of the ASP has been found to be more efficient when operating on an extended aeration basis. The design parameters of the process were evaluated for the treatment of combined wastewater from a pharmaceutical and chemical company in North Cairo that produced drugs, diuretics, laboratory chemicals, and so on [49]. The study revealed that at an extended aeration period of 20 hours, COD and BOD removal efficiency ranges of 89-95% and 88-98%, respectively, can be achieved. The COD and BOD values of the treated effluent were found to be 74 mg/L and 43 mg/L, respectively. 

When a normal, accelerating, or retarding water-reducing admixture is utilized to increase the workability of a concrete mix by direct addition, it would be reasonable to assume that the extent of the effect would be markedly affected by changes in mix design parameters such as cement content, aggregate size, shape and grading, and the water-cement ratio. A study of many hundreds of results, however, indicates that this is not the case and Fig. 

Contents Population Inversion and Molecular Amplification. Energy-partitioning in Elementary Chemical Reactions Vibrational Relaxation. Requirements for Laser Oscillation. Design Parameters of Pulsed Chemical Lasers. Specific Chemical Laser Systems. Future Chemical Lasers. Present Perspectives of High-Power Chemical Lasers. Kinetic Information through Chemical Laser Studies. 

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