Design cycle

Flooded refrigeration systems are a version of the closed-cycle design that may reduce operating problems in some appHcations. In flooded systems, the refrigerant is circulated to heat exchangers or evaporators by a pump. Figure 11 shows the flooded cycle, which can employ any of the simple or compound closed-refrigeration cycles. 

Cycles Design methods for cycles rely on mathematical modeling (or empiricism) and often extensive pilot plant experiments. Many cycles can be easily analyzed using the methods described above apphed to the collection of steps. In some cycles, however, especially those operated with short cycle times or in shallow beds, transitions may not be very fully developed, even at a periodic state, and the complexity may be compounded by multiple sorbates. 

TABLE 18-9 Typical Equipment Factors for Cycle Design... 

Keoleian, G. and D. Menerey, Sustainahle Development hy Design Review of Life Cycle Design and Related Approaches , Air [Pg.2154]

The application of waste-management practices in the United States has recently moved toward securing a new pollution prevention ethic. The performance of pollution prevention assessments and their subsequent implementation will encourage increased activity into methods that 1 further aid in the reduction of hazardous wastes. One of the most important and propitious consequences of the pollution-prevention movement will be the development of life-cycle design and standardized hfe-cycle cost-accounting procedures. These two consequences are briefly discussed in the two paragraphs that follow. Additional information is provided in a later subsection. 

The key element of life-cycle design is Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA). LCA is generally envisioned as a process to evaluate the environmental burdens associated with the cradle-to-grave life cycle of a produc t, process, or ac tivity. A produc t s life cycle can be roughly described in terms of the following stages ... 

Figure 23. Ufe-cycle design - installed system at southern Texas site (treating phenol in a brine aquifer) (Nyer, 1987).

Both gasoline and diesel engines are available in either a two-stroke- or a four-stroke-cycle design. The fundamental difference between the Otto engine cycle (named after Nikolaus Otto, who developed it in 1876) and the diesel engine cycle involves the conditions of the combustion. In the Otto cycle. 

Briesch, M. S. Bannister, R. L. Diakuncliak, I. S. and Huber, D. J. (1995). A Combined Cycle Designed to Achieve Greater Than 60 Percent Efficiency. Transactions of the ASME, JotiriisI of Engineering for Gas Turbine 3nd Power 117 734-741. 

Keoleian, G. A. and Spitzley, D. V. (1999). Guidance for improving life-cycle design and management of milk packaging. /. Ind. Ecol. 3,111-126. 

Spitzley, D. V., Keoleian, G. A., and McDaniel, J. S. (1997). Life Cycle Design of Milk and Juice Packaging. Project Summary. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. National Risk Management Research Laboratory, EPA/600/SR-97/082. 

Figure 11.12. Response surface cycling design for total cycle time and lean fraction of the total cycle time [84].

Cycles Design methods for cycles rely on mathematical modeling (or empiricism) and often extensive pilot plant experiments. Many... 

Absorption Air-Conditioning Brayton Gas Refrigeration Cycle Stirling Refrigeration Cycle Ericsson Cycle Liquefaction of Gases Nonazeotropic Mixture Refrigeration Cycle Design Examples Summary... 

CyclePad is a powerful tool for cycle design and analysis. Due to its capabilities, the software allows users to view the cycle effects of varying design input parameters at once. The following examples illustrate the design of several closed-system gas power cycles. 

Figure 4.44e Brayton air cycle design parameter optimization. 

One of the purposes of this book is to illuminate elements of conceptual thermodynamic cycle design. In this endeavor, the intent is to build upon and extend information previously acquired in thermodynamics. Possible steps in an intelligent computer-aided design process, as shown in Example 5.14, involves the following steps ... 

As with Rh catalysed carbonylation of MeOH, much enduring work on the mechanism of Ir catalysed carbonylation was carried out and reported by Forster at Monsanto [11], Combining data from catalytic reactions, synthesis and reactions of intermediates and IR studies of reaction solutions, three regimes or cycles, designated I, II and III, were identified, compared with the one for Rh. A key reactor composition variable determining which regime is operating is [H2O]. 

Collectively, these developments have fostered a burgeoning corporate interest in the concepts of life-cycle design (LCD)—the application of life-cycle assessment (LCA) concepts to determine what a product contains, how it was produced, how it... 

Regardless of the quality of the model, process cycles designed with models have all of the same problems of process cycles designed by process science, DOE, or SPC. Preplanned regulation of secondary variables does not allow controlled adaptation to unanticipated disturbances in the cycle. 

The biological indicator can be prepared to adequately challenge a sterilization cycle designed to provide a 10 6 probability of microbial survival with respect to indigenous bioburden. The concentration of spores utilized as the biological indicator can be determined from the following formula ... 

TABLE 11.14. Design and Operating Factors for Continuous Vacuum Filters (a) Typical Factors for Cycle Design... 

Table 4 Statements Concerning Sterilization Cycle Design and Validation in the... 

The sterilization process time is determined from the design F value and the product heat transfer data. The sterilization cycle design must be based on the heating characteristics of the load and of containers located in the slowest heating zone of the load. The variation in the rate of heating of the slowest heating zone must be known, so this variation must be determined under fully loaded conditions. The effect of load-to-load variation on the time-temperature profile must also be determined. Then, the statistically worst-case conditions should be used in the final sterilization process design. 

By working with General Electric and Jacobs Consultancy, they have developed an innovative H2-Coal Gasification Combined Cycle design that includes C02 capture. 

Dostal, V., M.J. Driscoll, P. Hejzlar, and N.E. Todreas. 2002. C02 Brayton Cycle Design and Optimization. Report MIT-ANP-TR-09. Cambridge, Mass. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, November. 

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