Design and Construct

Many oil and gas companies do not consider the detailed design and construction of production facilities as part of their core business. This is often the stage at which work is contracted out to engineering firms and the client company will switch manpower resources elsewhere, although some degree of project management is commonly retained. 

Various computed tomography CT- scanners for industrial applications have been designed and constructed) They use as radiation sources X-ray tubes or gamma emitting radioisotopes and as detectors NaI(Tl)-scintillators for gamma rays and image intensifiers for X-rays. 

This paper describes the result obtained in a study of AFCEN (French Society for Design and Construction Rules for Nuclear Island Components) in order to characterize dye penetrant product family, based on experimental test methods of french standards NFA 09.520 and NFA 09.521. In particular, sensitivity tests have been carried out on artificial defects, and correlated with tests on real defects. Some tests on penetrant washability have also been performed. The results obtained with these three series of tests show that the choiee of a dye penetrant product family is not without influency on results obtained, and that is not so simple to make the good choice which could, in certain cases, be the less bad compromise. 

B. R. Christopher and R. D. Holt2, Geotextile Design and Construction Guidelines Participant Notebook, rev. ed.. National Highway Institute, Washington, D.C., 1992. 

E. A. D. Saunders, Heat Exchangers Selection, Design, and Construction,]ohxi Wiley Sons, Inc., New York, 1988. 

H. Tongue, The Design and Construction of High Pressure Chemical Plant, 2nd ed.. Chapman Had Ltd., London, 1959. 

Design and Construction ofiEP-Gas Installations at Marine Terminals, Natural Gas Processing Plants, Refineries, Petrochemical Plants, and Tank Farms, API Standard 2510, 4th ed., American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C., Dec. 1978. 

Treatment Standards of Liquid Redox Waste in California, State of California Department of Health Services, Toxic Substances Control Program, Alternative Technology Division, June 1990 TuphurPolymer Cement Concrete, Design and Construction Manual, The Sulphur Institute, Washington, D.C., 1994. 

Shell Coal Gasification Project, "SCGP-1 Design and Construction," EPRJ Report No. GS-6372, Interim Report, Aug. 1988. 

Consideration of the cash-flow stages in Fig. 9-10 shows the factors that can affecd the (EMIP) and (IRP). if the reqiiired capital investment is increased, it is necessary to increase the rate of income after startup for the (EMIP) to remain the same. In order to have the (EMIP) small, it is necessary to keep the research and development, design, and construction stages short. 

This discussion of pressure vessels is intended as an overview of the codes most frequently used for the design and construction of pressure vessels. Cnemical engineers who design or specify pressure vessels should determine the federal and local laws relevant to the problem and then refer to the most recent issue of the pertinent code or standard before proceeding. Laws, codes, and standards are frequently changed. 

ASME Code Section VIII, Division 1 Most pressure vessels iisedin the process indiistiy in the United States are designed and constructed in accordance with Sec. TH, Division I (see Fig. 10-187). This division is divided into three subsections followed by appendixes. 

FIG. 10-187 ASME Code Sec. VIII, Division 1 applicable paragraphs for design and construction details. (Courtesy of Missouri Boiler and Tank Co.). 

Vessel Codes Other Than ASME Different design and construction rules are used in other countries. Chemical engineers concerned with pressure vessels outside the United States must become familiar with local pressure-vessel laws and regulations. Boilers and Pressure Vessels, an international survey of design and approval requirements published by the British Standards Institution, May-lands Avenue, Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire, England, in 1975, gives pertinent information for 76 political jurisdic tions. 

Repeating an axiom stated earher, mechanical samplers are designed to extrac t increments of sample from a bulk quantity of material B in a manner that increments S are representative within statistical bounds of the bulk B. Further, the sampler is designed and constructed in conformance to criteria stated previously under Mechanical Delimitations of Sampling to assure that negligible errors arise from mechanical influence. 

Design and Construction The capacity and efficiency of biofilter operation are a direc t function of active surface area, filter void... 

Regulations have been adopted by federal, state, and local agencies to implement the legislation. Before any design and construction work is undertaken, these regulations must be monitored due to continuous... 

Environmental Requirements Vlost large modern transfer stations are enclosed and are constructed of materials that can be maintained and cleaned easily. For direct-discharge transfer stations with open loading areas, special attention must be giv en to the problem of blowing papers. Windscreens or other barriers are commonly used. Regardless of type, the station should be designed and constructed so that all accessible areas where rubbish or paper can accumulate are eliminated. 

Cell design and construction Will vary depending on terrain, landfilling per month or as required. 

For example, unsatisfactory equipment design has caused inlet-end erosion due to improper distribution of water in the water box. Poor design and construction practices have caused erosion-corrosion of the tube sheet due to unsatisfactory water distribution or leakage past pass partitions. Deep channels (wire drawing) or worm holes have been observed in tube holes due to leaking tube-to-tube sheet joints. 

Consider the need for fire walls, solid floors, etc. in building design and construction... 

API Std 620, Design and Construction of Large, Welded, Low-Pressure Storage Tanks, Ninth ed., February 1996. 

Bettge.H.. Design and construction of vacuum interrupters, Siemens Circuit, XVlll, No, 4 (1983). 

The expander design will be of axial entry (Figure 5-14), overhung rotor, stiff shaft construction with one or two rows of blading designed and constructed for 100,000 hrs of life and at least 3 yrs of uninterrupted continuous service. It is recognized that uninterrupted operation for this period of time involves factors beyond the Seller s control. 

The rotors on other similar designs have experienced field vibration problems. Even a well-designed and constructed rotor may experience excessive vibrations from improper or ineffective balancing. This situation can often occur when the rotor has had multiple rebalances over a long service period and thus contains unknown balance distributions. A rotor originally balanced at high speed should not be rebalanced at low speed. 

Page, J., Conceptual Estimating Manual for Process Plant Design and Construction, Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, Texas, 1984. 

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