Deposits mandatory

But metallic coatings have high absorption losses. But one can remedy them with dielectric coatings, which are necessary also to passivate the metal, avoiding oxidation. Aluminum is the best metal for the ultraviolet in addition it adheres on most substrates it needs passivation. Silver is easy to deposit it has the highest reflectance in the visible and the infrared since it tarnish rapidly, passivation is mandatory. Gold is the best material beyond 700 nm, and it is considered that it does not tarnish, which is not true actually because its surface is not that stable on the long term. 

Cadmium oxide, CdO, is a semiconductor with a band gap of 2.3 eV. Irradiation of CdO powder suspended in alkaline solution resulted in the formation of 0 when an electron acceptor such as ferricyanide was present in the solution. When RuOj was deposited onto the surface of the CdO particles the yield of decreased relative to naked CdO. In this respect CdO differs from Ti02 where RUO2 is mandatory if O2 evolution is to be observed Colloidal CdO has not been known until recently. It can... 

Another important consideration involves the hybridization of porous carbon with hierarchical 3D architectures, such as fibers or arrays. Wet chemical techniques are often useless as the mandatory solvent removal/drying typically results in the at least partial collapse of the nanocarbon pore structure. Gas phase deposition is a... 

Die Bundesregierung (2003) Mandatory deposit on beverage cans will remain in place , German government statement. 

Therefore, considerable efforts were made on deposition in the transition mode of the reactive magnetron discharge, where nonstable conditions are used and where closed-loop feedback control is mandatory for process stabilization. 

Because of the low absorption coefficient of amorphous and microcrystalline silicon, it is mandatory to optimize light scattering within thin film silicon solar cells by the use of suitably textured (rough) interfaces and surfaces. This paragraph comments about the ideal surface roughness for ZnO layers deposited by CVD, and used as front or back contacts within amorphous, microcrystalline (and micromorph) solar cells. 

In order to control and monitor the coke deposition during heavy oil processing a quantitative model is mandatory. Often the pragmatic approach of a direct relationship between process parameters and the catalyst performance with time is used. It has been argued, however, that the "performance with time model beneficially starts from a description of the coke deposited followed by a relation between coke content and performance [2). The latter approach will be followed in this paper. 

United States, permits are often mandatory for plant collections made within city, county, state, and national parks, as well as for those made in wilderness areas, conservancies, and other protected sites. Such permits are usually specific as to species and quantity of material allowed for collection and expire within 6 to 12 months. Many require submitting a detailed proposal, depositing a set of herbarium specimens, and presenting periodic field or progress reports (personal observation).23... 

Due to the diversity of microorganisms or cells it may be impossible for a person skilled in the art to repeat the invented solution without undue experimentation (a certain degree of experimentation to gain experience is acceptable) or without some inventiveness of his own. Therefore, it is mandatory in such cases to deposit a sample of the microorganisms or cells at an approved depository institution in order to provide the necessary enabling disclosure and to meet the requirements of a patent application (see below Deposition of Microorganisms). 

Either the fractions from the first dimension can be stored on a trap column of suitable dimensions or they can directly be deposited on top of the second dimension column. The direct deposition approach is simpler, and requires less equipment however, usually the process time is drastically increased. Furthermore, this approach is not always applicable, for example when SEC is used in the first dimension. The use of trap columns is mandatory when the flow-rates in the first and second dimension columns differ by an order of magnitude (see Table 2). 

Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) has been defined as a materials synthesis process whereby constituents of the vapor phase react chemically near or on a substrate surface to form a solid product. With these traditional processes a reaction chamber and secondary energy (heat) source are mandatory making them different from the Combustion CVD process. Numerous flame-based variations of CVD have been used to generate powders, perform spray pyrolysis, create glass forms, and form carbon films including diamond films. 

Developing a reactor for a luminous chemical vapor deposition (LCVD) operation to deal with large numbers of materials to be coated, probably the most difficult problem encountered is how to hold the substrates, place them in appropriate position, and move them in the luminous gas phase. In order to coat large number of substrate uniformly, the movement of substrate within the luminous gas phase is a mandatory requirement, with the exception of direct current (DC) cathodic LCVD. The difficulty progressively increases as the size of the substrate decreases, and it becomes virtually impossible to hold as the size reaches millimeters or less. For instance, the surface of small particulate matters cannot be treated or coated by the conventional modes of LCVD in which substrates are held by some kind of holder. 

The nonperiodic structure of surface defects such as steps makes them very difficult, if not impossible, to investigate by commonly employed diffraction techniques, and real-space imaging becomes mandatory. In this respect, STM, with its capability of imaging electrode surfaces in situ with atomic resolution, provides a unique possibility of studying processes for which surface imperfections play a key role, such as metal deposition and dissolution [14-20], oxide formation [21-24], and corrosion [25-29]. The additional capability of STM to control material properties... 

Coal is formed from peat and the vascular plant remains that accumulate in peat bogs. Anaerobic conditions are considered mandatory for the accumulation and preservation of peat and the formation of coal. Two major types of coals are known humic coal and sapropelic coal (see Breger, 1963, 1976). The former are formed from peat accumulations rich in humic substances derived predominantly from vascular plant remains. The latter represent coal formed from algal (boghead coal) or spore (cannel coal) accumulations. In many respects, sapropelic coal can be considered to have an aquatic origin similar to that of humin of aquatic sediments which forms from the accumulation of aquatic nonvascular plant debris in clastic sediments. Conversely, kerogen can also have the properties of humic coals (Breger and Brown, 1962) is the source materials to the sediment at the time of deposition are predominantly derived from vascular plants. 

The high gas temperatures (>2000°C) and high heat fluxes in the flame CVD make it mandatory to cool substrates. As a result, large temperature gradients are formed which are difficult to control. The deposition efficiency is low due to generally low nucleation rates. Further, gas consumption,... 

This work provides the comparison of palladium deposition-precipitation and ion exchange on functionalised or non functionalised carbon blacks or Ti02. Results show that functionalisation is mandatory for ion exchange, but that active carbon black supported noble metal catalysts can be prepared witiiout functionalisation using deposition-precipitation. 

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