Boghead Coal

Boghead coal Bogue calculation Bohlin rheometer Bohr effect Boilers... 

Coals are also divided into two types based on their macroscopic appearance banded and non-banded. Non-banded coals include cannel and boghead coals, both of which are dull and blocky. 

Boeing Rocketdyne, corporate decision making by, 24 386 Boggsite (BOG), 16 813 Boghead coal, 6 705 Bohr, Niels, 21 289 Bohr frequency, 23 128 Bohrium (Bh), l 492t Boiler deposits, in industrial water treatment, 26 131 Boiler economizers, 10 146 Boiler feed pumps, 21 56 Boilers, 10 152 23 215-216... 

Baalow b estimate of expansive force, A Bbraud s coai-wesbiag oiachine, 95, B uiraiua e analyses or fuels, 0fo-Bassix R fl patent fuel, iu0-i03. bituminous coai, analyses of, 77.7 Boghead coal, 83-B ... 

Classification by type differentiates the coals accdg to the proportion of various plant ingredients and accdg to appearance. Standard types used in US include common banded, splint, cannel and boghead coals. 

Boghead coal same as cannel coal, except that algal remains can be seen under the microscope. See also Coal. 

Boghead coal nonbanded coal in which the liptinite (the waxy component) is predominantly alginite. 

Fig. 14a-dL UV-visible absorption spectra of fossil organic particles after demineralization a) Alginite from Permian Boghead coal, b) Huronispora (Gun-flint), c) Isuasphaera (Isua), d) Graphite (Pflug, 1985) 18>... 

Fig. 17a and b. Spectral distribution of fluorescence energy in the visible region, a) AJginite in Permian Boghead coal, b) Huronispora in Gunfiint chert. Irradiation at 365 nm, band width 10 on, field of measurement 5 pm diam. Courtesy of Zeiss Laboratories... 

Standard types used in US include common banded, splint, cannel and boghead coals. 

Coal is formed from peat and the vascular plant remains that accumulate in peat bogs. Anaerobic conditions are considered mandatory for the accumulation and preservation of peat and the formation of coal. Two major types of coals are known humic coal and sapropelic coal (see Breger, 1963, 1976). The former are formed from peat accumulations rich in humic substances derived predominantly from vascular plant remains. The latter represent coal formed from algal (boghead coal) or spore (cannel coal) accumulations. In many respects, sapropelic coal can be considered to have an aquatic origin similar to that of humin of aquatic sediments which forms from the accumulation of aquatic nonvascular plant debris in clastic sediments. Conversely, kerogen can also have the properties of humic coals (Breger and Brown, 1962) is the source materials to the sediment at the time of deposition are predominantly derived from vascular plants. 

FIGURE 9. C NMR spectra of algal kero-gens and boghead coals from locations described by Hatcher (1980). The spectrum of humin from Mangrove Lake, Bermuda, is also shown. 

Tins body is produced, together with numerous other compounds of a like nature, by the destructive distillation of boghead coal and similar snbstances. It is also found in petroleum and asphalt. If chlorine be passed into melted paraffin, the latter is slowly attacked, hydroohlorio acid bong evolved. In this reaction paraffin resembles the hydrides of the monad radicals, and diffors from the dyad radicals, to which doss it was formerly considered to belong. In the formula CAm r paraffin, the value of bos not yet beon satisfactorily determined) in fact it is probable that. several distinct hydrides of the class now under consideration are confounded under this name. 

Bands not visible to naked eye Both coarse and fine bands Cannel and boghead coals that break with conchoidal fracture... 

Banded coal contains visible bands of vitrain, which is the remains of single large fragments of ancient plants (see the earlier text), as well as bands of fusain, the remains of smaller fragments of ancient plants (see earlier text). Non-banded coal, however, displays a uniform texture which appears to be fine-grained, lacks a brilliant luster, and consists of comminuted, compacted sediments derived from plant detritus. This type of coal is much less common than banded coal in North America. There are two major types of non-banded coal cannel coal and boghead coal (Stach et al., 1982). 

Algae debris (b) International System I. Humic (banded) coals Boghead coal... 

Nonstriated, matte II. liptobiolithic (non-banded) coals Durain Cornel coal Boghead coal... 

Cannel coal Boghead coal Bright coal Semisplint coal Splint coal... 

Ultimate Analysis of Boghead Coal, Cannel Coal, and Banded Coal... 

Both boghead coal and cannel coal contain nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur in addition to carbon and hydrogen (Table 4.6). They have a dull luster and fracture in a conchoidal pattern (i.e., the fracture surface has small rounded elevations and depressions). Cannel coal is black whereas boghead coal is in dull brown color, and splinters of these coals are easily ignited in fact, cannel coal bums with a long and steady flame from which the name is derived (candle). 

Fossil algal bodies making up boghead coal. Light yellow in transmitted light, dark in reflected light... 

Liptinites generally make up about 5%-15% of most North American coals. They are usually more abundant in the Appalachian coals than any other US coals except cannel and boghead types where they dominate. At a reflectance of 1.35-1.40, most of the liptinite macerals disappear from coal. Cannel and boghead coals are petrographically distinguished from humic coals by both their maceral composition and texture. They have an abundance of liptinite macerals (sporinite in can-nels and alginite in boghead coal) and a relative low level of vitrinite and inertinite macerals. 

The third liptinite maceral is resinite, which is a term generally employed to include all of the resinous constituents of coals and also includes the resinified essential oils of lignites and bituminous coals. The fourth exinite maceral is alginite, which is formed from the remains of algal bodies and is, in fact, the principal component of boghead coals (torbanites). 

On the other hand, micrinite is composed of smaller material and is believed to be a maturation product of protoplasm. Micrinite occurs as very fine granular particles of high reflectance and is commonly associated with the liptinite macerals but sometimes gives the appearance of actually replacing the liptinite. Micrinite is frequently, but not always, found in association with microspores. It is also found in the sapropelic (cannel and boghead) coals. Both macerals are virtually structureless. 

Typical assay data illustrate how yields of gas, water, tar, and light oil vary with the coal (Table 13.5) anthracites, with less than 4% hydrogen, produce little or no tar, whereas the sapropels (i.e., cannel and boghead coals), which contain substantial amounts of hydrogen, produce up to 400% as much tar as the analogous (equivalent carbon content) humic coals. 

The name paraffins was proposed for the hydrocarbons CnH2n+2 by H. Watts. Pentane was isolated from cannel-coal naphtha by Schorlemmer, who obtained hexane and heptane from the same source and from Pennsylvanian petroleum. T. E. Thorpe obtained heptane from another natural source. Hexane was obtained from cannel distillate by C. G. Williams, who thought it was free propyl. Octane and tetramethylethane (di-isopropyl) were synthesised by Schorlemmer. A spring of petroleum was first discovered in a disused coal mine by Lyon Playfair about 1847 and was worked by J. Young for three years, when it was exhausted. Young then began to manufacture paraffin from boghead coal (see p. 401). Petroleum was first obtained in Pennsylvania in 1859. ... 

Oil shale has received many different names over the years, such as can-nel coal, boghead coal, alum shale, stellarite, albertite, kerosene shale, bitu-minite, gas coal, algal coal, wollongite, schistes bitumineux, torbanite, and kukersite. Some of these names are still used for certain types of oil shale. 

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