Secondary energy

Renewable Catalytic Technologies - a Perspective Primary energy Secondary energy... 

For low-LET radiations, nearly 30% of dose is deposited by low-energy secondary electrons [115],... 

Name RMSB Energy Secondary Structure Content... 

Ultimately, resolution in electron beam lithography is set by the range over which the primary electrons interact with the resist. That is by the distance over which the low energy secondary electrons are created (the resist is exposed mainly by secondaries) and by the range of the secondaries in the resist. For thin resists, and thin substrates (thin compared with the primary electron penetration) this resolution limit has been measured to be about 12 nm (43). 

In principle, electron beams should be able to produce structures with dimensions as small as the beam diameter in a STEM (0.5 nm), but before this can be done techniques must be found which are sensitive to the high energy primary electrons, rather than the low energy secondaries electrons. This is... 

Primary electron energy dissociative electron capture results from low-energy secondary electrons released from a metal surface. 

The first process involves electron ionization to form radical M-1"1 molecular ions. This process has been observed primarily for nonpolar molecules. The proposed mechanisms are charge-exchange transitions between sputtered ions and the neutral organic molecules or electron attachment of low-energy secondary electrons to neutral molecules. The fragmentation reactions of the M ions usually follow the dissociation pathways for odd-electron gas-phase ions. 

Bahar I, Kaplan M, Jernigan RL (1997) Short-range conformational energies, secondary structure propensities, and recognition of correct sequence-structure matches. Proteins 29 292-308... 

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) [21], Topographical images in a SEM are formed from back-scattered primary or low-energy secondary electrons. The best resolution is about 2-5 nm but many routine studies are satisfied with a lower value and exploit the... 

Tang H, Walker TG, Hopster H et al (1993) Anomalous behavior in the spin polarization of low-energy secondary electrons from Gd(0001). Phys Rev B 47 5047... 

Fig. 2.4. The flow reactor as a device for RNA structure optimization. RNA molecules with different shapes are produced through replication and mutation. New sequences obtained by mutation are folded into minimum free energy secondary structures. Replication rate constants are computed from structures by means of predefined rules (see text). For example, the replication rate is a function of the distance to a target structure, which was chosen to be the clover leaf shaped tRNA shown above (white shape) in the reactor. Input parameters of an evolution experiment in silico are the population size N, the chain length X of the RNA molecules as well as the mutation rate p.

ADNBF forms white to yellowish crystals, which decompose when heated to 270 Celsius. It may be used in explosives compositions, but its primary use is in solid rocket propellants, where it exhibits exceptional combustion properties equal to, or superior to ammonium perchlorate. ADNBF can be alloyed with TNT, RDX, or other high-energy secondary explosives for use in military or commercial blasting compositions. ADNBF also shows interests in pyrotechnic compositions, and in primary explosive compositions for use in blasting caps. ... 

Figure 1. Schematic showing events following the absorption of a high-energy j oton or particle. Those items circled are isolated ionizations and spurs.-------trace of low-energy secondary elec-...

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