Pragmatic approach

To emphasize that the initiative came from the scientists and technical experts themselves and from those with a direct interest in furthering international collaboration, the founding fathers of COST opted for a flexible and pragmatic approach. CO.ST activities have in the past paved the way for community activities, and its flexibility allows COST actions to be used as a testing and exploratory field for emerging topics. 

The impact of this requirement depends upon what constitutes the specified requirements. The standard does not require you to demonstrate conformance with every requirement of ISO 9001. However, if your customer has invoked ISO 9001 in the contract, this clause requires that you maintain sufficient records to demonstrate compliance. As stated elsewhere in this book, there is no definition clarifying what specified requirements are. If specified requirements are a//the requirements that you have specified in your quality system, your plans, procedures, specifications, etc., this requirement may well be viewed as the most onerous in the standard. A pragmatic approach to take is to declare in your quality manual that the specified requirements are specified customer requirements . 

Vibrational Spectra Many of the papers quoted below deal with the determination of vibrational spectra. The method of choice is B3-LYP density functional theory. In most cases, MP2 vibrational spectra are less accurate. In order to allow for a comparison between computed frequencies within the harmonic approximation and anharmonic experimental fundamentals, calculated frequencies should be scaled by an empirical factor. This procedure accounts for systematic errors and improves the results considerably. The easiest procedure is to scale all frequencies by the same factor, e.g., 0.963 for B3-LYP/6-31G computed frequencies [95JPC3093]. A more sophisticated but still pragmatic approach is the SQM method [83JA7073], in which the underlying force constants (in internal coordinates) are scaled by different scaling factors. 

Under these circumstances it is both tempting and common practice for designers to treat plastics as though they were traditional materials and to apply familiar design methods with what seem appropriate materials constants. It must be admitted that this pragmatic approach does often yield acceptable results. However, it should also be recognized that the mechanical characteristics of plastics are different from those of metals, and the validity of this pragmatic approach is often fortuitous and usually uncertain. 

The concentration of the lactam in the final product is determined by (3.11). Cyclic dimers can also form, and these also take part in the polymerization12 the reactions are acid catalyzed. The kinetics of this ring-opening polymerization with the three reactions in (3.10)—(3.12) is complex. The reaction rate constants and equilibrium constants have been described by several authors,5 6,8,12 28 and more pragmatic approaches for describing the reaction kinetics have also been given.28,31,33... 

Davos, 14th-18th March 1994, paper 80. 8(13) PRAGMATIC APPROACH TO WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE CITY OF PARIS Guillet R... 

Using the same initial conditions as for the simulation profiles, an experimental biotransformation was commenced with the intention of following the same optimal benzaldehyde/pyruvate feeding program. However it was quickly found that the rate of PAC production was slower than expected, and a pragmatic approach was taken in the experiment to maintain benzaldehyde concentration close to its simulation value (90 mM) by reducing feed rates throughout the biotransformation. 

From this discussion it can be seen that there is no ideal acid-base theory for AB cements and a pragmatic approach has to be adopted. Since the matrix is a salt, an AB cement can be defined quite simply as the product of the reaction of a powder and liquid component to yield a salt-like gel. The Bronsted-Lowry theory suffices to define all the bases and the protonic acids, and the Lewis theory to define the aprotic acids. The subject of acid-base balance in aluminosilicate glasses is covered by the Lux-Flood theory. 

Validation of the analytical methods for food of animal origin has to be performed with milk, egg, meat, and fat. The latter is required only if log Pqav is >3 and metabolism studies indicate significant residues in fat, because in this case it is likely that an MRL will be set. Other tissues such as kidney or liver must be validated only if an MRL is set or proposed for these tissues. The issue of the general necessity of analytical methods for food of animal origin is not addressed in Directive 96/46/EC or SANCO/825/00. At this moment, the Working Group Pesticide Residues proposes an MRL on a case-by-case basis. However, a pragmatic approach is presented in SANCO/825/00. 

Brotsie JM. Adjuncts to dopamine replacement, a pragmatic approach to reducing the problem of dyskinesia in Parkinson s disease. Mot Disord 1998 13 871-876. 

Piol, M.N., L6pez, A.G., Mino, L.A., Afonso, M.D.S., and Guerrero, N.R.V., The impact of particle-bound cadmium on bioavailability and bioaccumulation A pragmatic approach, Environ Sci Technol,... 

Elasticity analysis algorithm as pragmatic approach to determine average price elasticity of aggregated demand forecasts that analyzes underlying customer price-quantity demand. 

It is seen therefore that, in the absence of any entirely satisfactory theoretical approach or reliable experimental data, it is necessary to adopt a highly pragmatic approach to the estimation of the drag force on a particle in a non-Newtonian fluid. 

These operators may be contrasted with the property operators obtained at the non-relativistic level. The Levy-Leblond equation given in (29) is consistent with the rigorous non-relativistic limit in that only scalar potentials are included. We now follow the standard, pragmatic approach and consider the operator form... 

In this chapter I will provide a brief historic perspective, outline the manufacturing drivers for process analysis, provide a high-level overview of process analytical instrumentation, describe the PA method development life cycle prior to implementation and highlight the common pitfalls and challenges within the PA field. I have taken a pragmatic approach herein as the many benefits of PA are realized when a suitable process instrument and method is successfully implemented within a routine manufacturing environment, which is most often a multifaceted endeavor. 

The TGD has noted that in practice, relevant data on kinetics and metabolism, especially after dermal and inhalation exposure, are frequently missing. As a consequence, corrections can only be made for differences in bioavailability. There are some pragmatic approaches in order to calculate a NAEL (or LAEL) by extrapolation, when specific data are not available. The methods described are for extrapolating from oral toxicity data since this is the route most often used for repeated dose toxicity studies in animals. The TGD emphasized that it should be noted that insight into the reliability of the current methodologies for route-to-route extrapolation has not been obtained yet, with a reference to the smdy performed by WUschut et al. (1998), see above. 

The concept of categorizing carcinogens into threshold carcinogens and non-threshold carcinogens is a pragmatic approach that simplifies the reality of dose-response relationships. The observed dose-response curve for tumor formation in some cases represents a single rate-determining step however, in many cases it may be more complex and represent a superposition of a number of dose-response curves for the various steps involved in the mmor formation. It is therefore more realistic to assume that there is a continuum of shapes of dose-response relationships which cannot be easily differentiated by data and information usually available. 

A pragmatic approach carry out limited toxicity studies, e.g., one 4-week rat study and one screening assay for genotoxicity with the defined mixture of (ten) priority chemicals, using exposure concentrations, e.g., 3-10 times higher than those occurring in the complex mixture... 

Kinetic solubility This pragmatic approach starts with a concentrated compound solution in pure DM SO further diluted in a buffer medium. The amount of compound in solution is measured after a few minutes incubation either by recording its UV absorbance (with or without a chromatographic step) or precipitate formation using an optical method (turbidimetry, nephelometry or flow cytometry). This approach mimics the typical path of the compound in biochemical, cellular assays or in vivo animal models. Kinetic solubility usually serves as a quality filter prior to cell based assays (see paragraphs on solubility, permeability and cellular assays). 

Almost all contemporary ab initio molecular electronic structure calculations employ basis sets of Gaussian-type functions in a pragmatic approach in which no error bounds are determined but the accuracy of a calculation is assessed by comparison with quantities derived from experiment[l] [2]. In this quasi-empirical[3] approach each basis set is calibrated [4] for the treatment of a particular range of atoms, for a particular range of properties, and for a particular range of methods. Molecular basis sets are almost invariably constructed from atomic basis sets. In 1960, Nesbet[5] pointed out that molecular basis sets containing only basis sets necessary to reach to atomic Hartree-Fock limit, the isotropic basis set, cannot possibly account for polarization in molecular interactions. Two approaches to the problem of constructing molecular basis sets can be identified ... 

Silverman, W, and Kurtines, W. (1996) Anxiety and Phobic Disorders A Pragmatic Approach. New York Plenum Press. 

The weighting factors, W, as introduced above, aim to be a pragmatic approach to harmonize prescription and reporting of radiation treatments. They are based on actual clinical practice, current techniques, and available radiobiological data. Their use should be limited to the technical treatment modality for which they were designed. They are not universally applicable factors, and they should not be multiplied or combined between each other. 

A pragmatic approach to resolve the problem is to allow the supplier to use the IP outside the area of the customer s direct interest. This can be defined, for instance, by a therapeutic category. Thus, the supplier is restricted to use the IP for the synthesis of PFCs outside the specific therapeutic category of the drug that is the object of the joint project. 

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